1. Can the nature of the curious mind be explained throughout history relative to sociology (norms, beliefs, rituals, practices)? — 3017amen
I would say that the
curious mind isn't restricted as such to social animals. Many animals, solitary and social exhibit similar behavior. It boils down to, in the simplest of terms, a questioning attitude, something which all prey and predators - hunter & hunted being a universal theme of life - must possess either to capture prey/evade predators.
That said, a social existence, can give a boost to curiosity as a trait for the simple reason that it is, all things considered, an environment unto itself, something solitary animals miss out on. The exact impetus to the evolution of the curious mind as you put seems difficult to pinpoint but if I were to hazard a guess, confining myself to homo sapiens, we have language, we imitate, we reason fairly well and these abilities, if they are abilities, make curiosity communicable and transmissible, also providing it with context. Curiosity would flourish, do very well, in social animals like us who've evolved certain abilities mentioned above that facilitate such.
2. Does curiosity in itself confer any biological advantages? — 3017amen
I already answered that question but let's talk about the downsides of curiosity. It's said that curiosity killed the cat and surely such a well-phrased adage cum warning must contain, at best a sound advice, at worst a grain of truth in it.
As I mentioned earlier and it must be getting tedious for you, curiosity is, in a sense, the difference between a full belly and an empty one. However, if an animal acts on its curiosity, attempts to answer the question, say, "can this be eaten?" it must also contend with the converse query, "can this eat me?" Many lives have probably been lost because of the inherent ambiguity (hunter/game) that lies at the heart of curiosity viz. an encounter with the unknown. It's essentially a trade-off between finding lunch and ending up as one and that's why strong social groups - human socities for example - that reduce/minimize the risk of injury/death that comes with the curious mind tend to be more/most curious.
3. Can Religion offer any pathway to understanding the nature of reality and the phenomena of the experiences associated with self-awareness/consciousness? — 3017amen
There seems to be an intriguing paradox lurking beneath the trio of social existence, religion, and science as the poster-child of curiosity. As I said earlier, human social existence is the current-best setting for the curious mind to reach stratospheric heights. Compare that to religion - essentially moral in nature, consolidating the bond between individuals and thus the cohesive force that maintains society's integrity - and how it, in its own way, stifles curiosity. Religion, as the late Christopher Hitchens said, is forced down our throats as some kind of final solution, the answer to answer all questions, it is the ultimate truth. Go down that road and you'll come to a grave, buried in it the curious mind.
The paradox is that though society is the best available soil as it were for the flower of curiosity to grow, one existing force that keeps people together in harmonious union (religion) is dead against curiosity.
To answer your question, religion isn't really a search for truth; au contraire, its a position that truth has not only been found but also that the search for it must be put to an end. It's not a "...pathway..." to some unknown destination, it's a place we're told we've already arrived at. In this, it differs from science which works under the assumption that there are many things we're still clueless about. It appears then that religion and science as a partnership in the search for truth falls at the first hurdle - one believes it knows what reality is, the other insists it doesn't have the faintest idea what reality is.
4. Can cognitive science study the Religious experience in order to gain insight on the phenomenon of the conscious mind (what is self-awareness)? — 3017amen
This seems a promising line of inquiry. I second the motion.