Once upon a time there were 10 early Homo sapiens adults kwho happened to be the only sentient species within the very large valley they found themselves in. The 10 were not related (beyond being the same species) and they had never met each other before. Each person was on his or her own, wandering about, foraging for nuts, berries, and tubers or fashioning spears and killed small game.
When one of the early people wanted to engage with someone else they used gestures and inarticulate noises, since they didn't have language yet [note, language isn't the issue here]. If one of them wanted to trade a roasted squirrel for some nice currants, the trade could be worked out.
Questions:
Did any of
the 10 people have any rights? No.
Did any of the 10 people have any property? No.
Fast forward 100,000 years.
Once upon a later time, 100 people happened to live in close proximity to each other. Some of the people were children, some of the people were their parents, and some of the people were not related to anyone else. They tended some plantings of grains, but they still foraged and hunted. They could communicate with each other, so if they wanted to engage with each other, it was easy.
The place where they lived did not have a name. It wasn't organized. Shelters and piles of garbage were helter-skelter. There was no communal storage bin. Everybody kept their own little store of grain.
Questions:
Did any of the 100 people have any rights? No.
Did any of the 100 people have any property? No.
Did a government exist? No.
Fast forward 10,000 years.
Once upon a still-later time, 1,000 people lived together in a city with stone buildings. They raised grain and lentils, onions and parsley. They do not hunt or forage. A very minor potentate rules over the city and controls everything.
The very minor potentate divided up some of the land into little plots and said each person could raise whatever they wanted on the and, and they could keep it, except for 2% of the crop which the very minor potentate said belonged to him. People didn't have much in the way of material stuff, but they did have a little.
Questions:
Did any of the 1,000 people have any rights? Yes.
Where did their rights come from? From the very minor potentate's government.
Did any of the 1,000 people have any property? Yes.
Where did their property come from? From the very minor potentate's government.
Did a government exist? Yes, if you can call a very minor potentate a government, which you can.
Where did the very minor potentate get permission to rule over everybody?
Executive Fiat.
The people didn't give themselves property. Until someone came along and created the idea of "property" and said, "All this is mine, and that little bit over there is yours. Keep your hands off my property or you'll be dead meat." the idea of having property couldn't exist. "Rights" to having property couldn't exist either until they were created by (in this case) the very minor potentate. "You have a right to grow whatever you want on your little plot of land. Remember to keep your hands off my property. You have no right to it whatsoever."
The government, such as it was--a tin-pot potentate--gave the people rights. Maybe he shouldn't have, but he did.
What happened to the 1,000 people living in the city run by the very minor potentate is a crude model of what would happen in the future:
a) people live together in large numbers and need a coordinator
b) the coordinator of all the activities a large number of people undertake becomes a government
c) the government, with the assent of the people, creates rights, or revokes them.
In time, people become very accustomed to the various rights they have and come to think that rights, like apples, grow on trees. They don't. They come from a collective of some sort that has the necessary power to either create or destroy rights. It might be the collective of all the king's horses and all the king's men, or it might be the self-constituted revolutionary government, the junta, or a committee democratically elected by the citizens to form a government snd define rights and responsibilities.
However it is done, rights are granted.