• Climate Change (General Discussion)
    Nothing exposes the new age of information silos and “do your own research” attitudes as the ridiculous frauds they are like the actual sciences.

    In other areas, like art and history and politics— and even philosophy— one can get away with a lot of off-the-cuff, armchair opining. It’s sometimes hard to tell who’s a moron.

    That’s why I like to read the “hot takes” on climate. People get used to having an opinion on everything— and getting away with knowing nothing. Like winging it on a test and still getting a passing grade. But with climate change, or evolutionary biology, or civil engineering, or geology, or astrophysics — it’s so incredibly easy to sort out its like a sieve. Very useful.

    Anyway— I point it out because it amounts to less time wasted on imbeciles when they go to post on other threads. In this case I recommend everyone read the climate change thread occasionally, to remove all doubt about one’s interlocutors.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)


    Just ignore those who have no interest in learning anything. Pat them on the head and reassure them everything will be fine. It’s beneficial…It’s just a narrative…it’ll be okay in 2000 years; whatever it is. Go with it.


    Back in the real world:

    NASA Announces Summer 2023 Hottest on Record

    This new record comes as exceptional heat swept across much of the world, exacerbating deadly wildfires in Canada and Hawaii, and searing heat waves in South America, Japan, Europe, and the U.S., while likely contributing to severe rainfall in Italy, Greece, and Central Europe.
  • Donald Trump (All General Trump Conversations Here)


    I don’t take it that seriously. It’s awful, of course, that one party has turned fascist, but those of us who pay attention to politics or current affairs sometimes forget that a majority of people don’t care, don’t vote, and aren’t interested.

    There will be no civil war. There will be swings of extremism—but the vast majority of people aren’t extremists and don’t like all the fighting. Even most Republicans.
  • The US Labor Movement (General Topic)
    Railworkers, UPS workers, actors/writers, and now autoworkers.

    An interesting and pertinent question raised by NY times columnist Peter Coy:

    In a contract negotiation such as this involving powerful parties that need each other, there is no one clearly correct outcome. Both labor and management gain immensely from their partnership. The fight is over how to divide the value that they jointly create. It would seem unfair for either the companies or the workers to extract 100 percent of it. But what’s the right split? Is it 50-50? And how would you measure such a split, anyway?

    This strikes me as getting at something really important (pun intended there).

    It’s not about making everything equal. It’s about the “reasonable split.” 90+% of profits go to shareholders. The CEO to median worker ratio has skyrocketed, but I usually take this to be a stand-in for shareholders, since CEOs are usually compensated through stocks and so are major shareholders themselves (this incentivizing robbing more from labor).

    90% to shareholders is not a reasonable split. 350-to-1 isn’t a reasonable split.

    There’s been times in this country where things were much more egalitarian. We don’t even have to compare ourselves to other countries. We can go back to that. It was healthier for companies, as well as workers and society writ large.
  • Coronavirus


    The stupidity of the anti-vax movement emerges yet again. Eventually we should prosecute these people for child endangerment— or at the very least not allow them to infect others.

    Stupidity should have consequences beyond natural consequences.
  • The Problem of Universals, Abstract Objects, and Generalizations in Politics
    I am homeless, the Government must house me!’ and so they are casting their problems on society and who is society? There is no such thing! There are individual men and women and there are families and no government can do anything except through people and people look to themselves first. — Margaret Thatcher

    Government is not the solution to our problem. Government is the problem. — Reagan

    The politics comes first; the plutocrat-selected “philosophy” comes later. Make no mistake.

    It comes from the top and inevitably trickles down, until it eventually reaches the sad postings of little state apologists like Nos.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)


    :lol: :up:

    I like this one. Apropos of the recent level of participants in this thread:



    “Some people say global warming is real — and then the really smart people, they know it’s a ruse invented by the Illuminati.”
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)


    Let climate deniers be climate deniers. The religion belongs to them. The analysis is easy, and requires nothing but conspiracies and cheap skepticism. This way they don’t have to bother listening to people who spend their lives to the subject — or really learn anything at all. Because that requires effort. Creationists are on the same level— same arguments, in fact.

    It’s also hilarious watching them devolve into blithering imbeciles when their feeble accusations are put to the most mild scrutiny.

    I think the best thing to do from this point on is ignore them…or respond with satire (which they won’t notice). You do you, of course.



    :up:
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)


    Exactly— forget the evidence, and forget understanding the science. Just apply said analysis and presto— sit back and feel good about yourself.

    I myself like to go to universities and talk about how physicists are buying into the official narrative of gravity.

    Evolutionist aren't attemptingMerkwurdichliebe

    Creationists would disagree. Go talk to one— you’ll fit right in.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)


    No no no, reading a thermometer is a narrative.

    This analysis holds up. Life has evolved over billions of years. Evolution isn’t a fact— it’s an official narrative. Scientists are forced into conforming.

    This way we don’t have to learn anything or understand the subject. Just use this analysis and feel special/sound super smart.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)
    Inside Exxon’s Strategy to Downplay Climate Change

    Internal documents show what the oil giant said publicly was very different from how it approached the issue privately in the Tillerson era
  • Looking for good, politically neutral channels
    The AP and Reuters are pretty neutral.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)
    You make a choice to stick your head in the ground?ChatteringMonkey

    How you got this from what I said is bizarre.

    I think it's better to look at our situation as it is, and figure out what to do from there.ChatteringMonkey

    No kidding. That’s what I have and will continue to do. What I won’t do is resign myself to doing nothing because it’s a big, difficult problem.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)
    Always fun to watch people degenerate into spewing nonsense with even the slightest questioning. Oh well.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)
    I know a cultic priest who would be atwitter for access to your science.Merkwurdichliebe

    What?

    It’s not “my” science. The evidence is there for all to see. Gotta try hard not to understand it, in fact.

    The rising of global temperature is due to burning fossil fuels, deforestation and agricultural practices. That exacerbates flooding, draughts, wildfires, stronger hurricanes, icecap melting, sea level rise, etc. — and could lead to tipping points.

    It’s not a narrative. It’s scientific fact. Supported by overwhelming evidence.
    — Mikie

    That's the narrative im fishing for
    Merkwurdichliebe

    It’s not a narrative. It’s scientific fact. Supported by overwhelming evidence.

    I suppose evolution, electromagnetism, and gravity can be described as “narratives” too, eh?



    Cool. Go do more “critical thinking” with Alex Jones and Ken Hamm.

    And I don’t need 10 replies to one post. This isn’t Twitter.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)
    I challenge you to explain to Agree-to-Disagree and @ChatteringMonkey and @frank, how these quotes don't fit in perfectly ( and rather ironically) with the official climate crisis narrative. I'm certain that you are philosophical enough to provide one example.Merkwurdichliebe

    What “official climate crisis narrative”? The rising of global temperature is due to burning fossil fuels, deforestation and agricultural practices. That exacerbates flooding, draughts, wildfires, stronger hurricanes, icecap melting, sea level rise, etc. — and could lead to tipping points.

    It’s not a narrative. It’s scientific fact. Supported by overwhelming evidence.

    That being said— Marcuse is right. But he wasn’t a climate scientist and wasn’t presenting evidence of global warming or offering concrete solutions. I personally agree we should be less consumeristic and move away from capitalism — particularly neoliberalism— but so what? There’s reasonable arguments, from Jeremy Grantham for example, about using the better parts of “capitalism” (eg venture capital) to encourage transition.

    I’m still not really seeing the point. Why is Marcuse “central” to anything in the environmental movement — especially climate change? Rachel Carson, Bill Mckibben, James Hanson, Syukuro Manabe— all far more relevant in this respect.

    Unless one is trying to link climate science to “Marxism” somehow. Which is silly.

    Did you hear about the science, or do it yourself. Please tell me you did it yourself :pray:Merkwurdichliebe

    Done what myself? Read a graph?

    Yes, I talk to climate scientists and read published articles on climate change. I have some background in it— but I’m not involved in gathering ice core samples if that’s what you mean.

    It means that there is a great possibility that the official narrative concerning the climate crisis is totally overblown, as with Marcuse.Merkwurdichliebe

    What “official narrative,” exactly? You keep mentioning this.

    Marcuse didn’t write about climate change. Nor was anything you quoted from him “overblown.” Seems like common sense. But ultimately irrelevant to this discussion.

    But I see where this is going.

    True, it could all be a communist conspiracy. That’s a fairly common variant of climate denial. It’s on par with creationists being correct about Noah’s flood, but it’s possible. If you want to throw in with that idea, your welcome.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)
    Not only was marcuse into it, he laid out the central theory of sustainability that has been increasingly put into practice within many domains of society in our time.Merkwurdichliebe

    Central theory of sustainability? What are you referring to? I’ve read Marcuse— I guess I missed this. But in any case, seems far fetched.

    Who cares?
    if a person were to be unaware of Marcuse's contribution to the core ideas of "sustainability"Merkwurdichliebe

    What core ideas are you referring to exactly?

    same person had bought in wholesale to the popular narrative of the climate crisis and its solutions,Merkwurdichliebe

    Such as?

    brainwashed by popular mediaMerkwurdichliebe

    Not popular media — science.

    why would the perpetrators of the official narrative conveniently fail to ever mention Herbert Markuse, and pretend like the popular notions of sustainability are relatively new and original? Something smells very fishy.Merkwurdichliebe

    First, it’s arguable that Marcuse played as big a role in the environmental movement or the idea of sustainability that you seem to be latching yourself to.

    Second, if he has indeed played a large role — who cares? What does it have to do with the facts of climate science?

    There are plenty of solutions. We’ve barely scratched the surface of that discussion on this thread.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)
    Herbert Marcuse.Merkwurdichliebe

    Marcuse was into sustainability? Cool. Still not seeing the point.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)


    I assume you'll say Paul Hawken or something like that, and then point out that he's a capitalist, etc. etc.

    I'd point to people like Bill McKibben, Rachel Carson, etc. But you're asking for a reason, so let's not pretend you're interested in any answers. Just make your point.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)
    I still hold nuclear warfare to be a bigger issue.Merkwurdichliebe

    Your addressing the actual questions were more reasonable than I'd expect, and this part especially. I happen to agree.

    Why then do you always seem to present yourself as an extreme right wing nut job? Is it just performance?
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)


    You're welcome. Your parroting such stupid, simplistic ideas always gives me a chuckle.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)
    It is the only system we know of that is capable of producing novelty and innovating technologies that might be able to counteract the climate crisis. We can see how communism in ussr failed by stagnating in all production and innovationMerkwurdichliebe

    :rofl:
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)
    Biden’s Climate Law Is Reshaping Private Investment in the United States

    Private investment in clean energy projects like solar panels, hydrogen power and electric vehicles surged after President Biden signed an expansive climate bill into law last year, a development that shows how tax incentives and federal subsidies have helped reshape some consumer and corporate spending in the United States.

    New data being released on Wednesday suggest the climate law and other parts of Mr. Biden’s economic agenda have helped speed the development of automotive supply chains in the American Southwest, buttressing traditional auto manufacturing centers in the industrial Midwest and the Southeast. The 2022 law, which passed with only Democratic support, aided factory investment in conservative bastions like Tennessee and the swing states of Michigan and Nevada. The law also helped underwrite a spending spree on electric cars and home solar panels in California, Arizona and Florida.

    The data show that in the year since the climate law passed, spending on clean-energy technologies accounted for 4 percent of the nation’s total investment in structures, equipment and durable consumer goods — more than double the share from four years ago.

    The law so far has failed to supercharge a key industry in the transition from fossil fuels that Mr. Biden is trying to accelerate: wind power. Domestic investment in wind production declined over the past year, despite the climate law’s hefty incentives for producers. And so far the law has not changed the trajectory of consumer spending on some energy-saving technologies like highly efficient heat pumps.

    Worth noting.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)
    That doesn't mean there isn't a real discussion to be had about how we are going to solve it.ChatteringMonkey

    Well let’s have that discussion then.

    I don't see how one can be so certain about something with this many moving parts.ChatteringMonkey

    I’m not at all certain. I make the choice not to dwell on the idea that we’re probably screwed. It’s useless and becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy.
  • The US Economy and Inflation


    This asshole said the secret part out loud.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)
    You really believe that there no more debate to be had about how we are going to solve this?ChatteringMonkey

    Plenty. I’ve seen none from you whatsoever other than “I doubt it can be done.”

    Communism relies on industrialization tooChatteringMonkey

    The Industrial Revolution started in Britain. The so called communist countries industrialized later.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)
    we'd better find out what all the different costs are of the available options.ChatteringMonkey

    That’s been done.

    The reason all of them carbonized was industrialisation.ChatteringMonkey

    Industrialization and modern capitalism goes hand and hand.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)
    but if you look at land use, which is the main cause of bio-diversity loss, it isn't great,ChatteringMonkey

    Mining for all the resources to build them is devastating too.ChatteringMonkey

    all the wasteChatteringMonkey

    Yeah— they do better than fossil fuels in all these areas. With the exception of solar panels and land use, which is comparable to coal but not gas. But what’s your point? That this will be hard and that we’ll have to deal responsibly with the process? No kidding.

    But it has to happen and will happen. So since it’s happening, I’m not sure what good it does saying how hard it will be, how big it is, how expensive it is, or how there are costs associated to it. Yeah, no kidding. We’ve been dealing with those issues for years in an industry that has killed millions and ruined the planet — called fossil fuels.

    It does serve one purpose I guess. It enables us to sit back and say “we’re doomed — it’s never gonna happen” and go on with our lives. Sorry kids.

    I don’t share that sentiment.

    I dislike capitalism as much as anyone, but I don't think it's the main culprit, industrialisation is. Communism was and is at least as bad for the environment.ChatteringMonkey

    So-called communism. But the USSR and China were/ are state-capitalist economies. In any case, the US industrialized long ago and knew of this issue long after— they had the technology to change, and didn’t.

    China faces a similar problem now — and is doing much more than we were at that level of development. They’re quite right when they say they shouldn’t have to bear the brunt of this work given historical emissions.

    The reason the US didn’t decarbonize wasn’t because of the public. It wasn’t because of free markets. It wasn’t because the technology wasn’t available. And it wasn’t because of industrialization.

    I just can't see it happeningChatteringMonkey

    I couldn’t see heat pumps outselling gas furnaces in my lifetime…but it happened last year.

    Maybe none of it happens. That’s a possibility. But we work hard anyway. What we don’t do is sit down and help guarantee nothing happens.

    I just don't think any one person, or even a group of people, has that much influence in the larger scheme of things.ChatteringMonkey

    Then you’re really not paying attention.

    If you want to believe it’s all accidental or inevitable somehow, that’s fine— seems better than believing in conspiracy theories. Until you recognize that they’re not really conspiracy theories, of course.

    How do you explain the rest of the world doing little to nothing to reduce emmission?ChatteringMonkey

    The rest of the world doesn’t emit much compared to a handful of wealthy countries.

    And they are doing a great deal, in fact. Denmark, Netherlands, Morocco, many south sea islands, France, Germany — even China, by some measures.

    There are many reasons why it’s slow moving. There’s economic reasons and propaganda just like in the US. But other times it’s simply the early stages of development and lack of funds (India, Africa). Much of it is lack of global leadership (US), with only mild steps forward coming the last few years.

    I didn’t say it was one cause. In the US, however, it’s very close to one cause— and it’s obvious.
  • Taxes
    Does that not occur economically? I'd much rather a government, which I help elect, take 20% of my paycheck than have rampant monopolies price-gouge the consumer with poverty wages, or literally sell my life to make ends meet. And at least that 20% funds the livelihoods of millions of government employees and the unemployed, and provides me with essential services that would otherwise be monopolized, rather than feeding the incessant greed of a few thousand robber barons.finarfin

    I agree. In the “short” term of generations. In the longer term, we really should abolish the state. Not governance or social organization, but the state.

    What our libertarian friends don’t seem to understand, and which ultimately makes them apologists for illegitimate power, is that the real power doesn’t currently belong to the state. It belongs to the plutocracy who own and run the state.

    Rather than going after the real rot and the socioeconomic system that allows this rot, they blather on about the far-off goal of eliminating the state. It’s like dealing with an adolescent who’s latched on to a fashionable belief and dogmatically abides by it, all the while ignoring the evidence all around that points to something different.

    If we want to solve the problems of the day, we have to recognize the main causes.

    If it’s corporate power, we should be encouraging the labor movement— they’re against “big labor.”

    We should encourage unionization— they’re against unions (“collectivism!”).

    We should be pushing our leaders for progressive policies — they’re against this too (“Government is the problem”).

    The plutocracy must love these people. They get to act like they support small businesses and workers and communities, while advocating for goals that completely destroy them. What gets proposed as solutions?

    First, blame the state for all the world’s ills. Then destroy and dismantle the state and leave things to the magic of the “free market.”

    The way they tell it, one might be convinced that this may actually work. Friedman did it better than any of them — and they’re all illegitimate little Friedmans and Randians anyway — but it was always a fantasy on par with communist fantasies (which they have no problem recognizing).

    When policies based on these ideas get tried, and fail, they can always fall back on the fact that it was never “really” tried or implemented, or didn’t go far enough.

    It’s a great religion. Can’t be refuted, some half-truths, a few simplistic principles to memorize, etc. This way one doesn’t have to analyze the real world. Because that’s too messy.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)
    And we haven't really been subsidizing oil and gas all that much.ChatteringMonkey

    Over $20 billion a year (conservatively) is a lot, especially when compared to renewables. And this isn’t factoring in other subsidies. One estimate — the IMF — quotes in the trillions, which you seem to want to discount.

    So to argue we’re not subsidizing oil and gas “that much” is a joke.

    Very little would be truly viable if you factor in all externalities. It's not as if the external costs aren't huge for renewables too.ChatteringMonkey

    Another canard.

    Not nearly as much. Unfortunately, we don’t live in a black and white world. Yes, solar and wind require a lot of energy up front. But then they basically run themselves, making up for the initial emissions by a lot.

    Compare to fossil fuels and there’s no contest.

    I think ultimately all of this is more an unfortunate accident of history/evolution.ChatteringMonkey

    It’s not an accident. It’s a deliberate choice, and one made because of greed. Capitalism isn’t a natural law.

    Governments have unprecedented debt already.ChatteringMonkey

    Right— so let’s lay down and die. Let’s let the world burn because it’s not economically viable to save it.

    Funny how the “debt” gets brought up very selectively.

    If we can spend $1 trillion a year on the military, we can spend that on saving the planet.

    They [fossil fuel companies] certainly don't help, but I don't think we would have solved climate change even without their propaganda.ChatteringMonkey

    Imagine if instead we started a large renewable push in the 80s, and gradually transitioned? How much better would we be today?Mikie

    Yes you seem to think these evolutions are allways driven predominantly by idea's or ideologies.ChatteringMonkey

    So you didn’t Google Lee Raymond. His behavior wasn’t motivated by sheer greed, I suppose?

    Has nothing to do with ideology, unless greed is an ideology. The propaganda campaigns were deliberate, and were conducted by fossil fuel companies and the think tanks that the industry funded — which staffed the Reagan administration and set the policy agenda.

    But I suppose we can shut our eyes and make believe all of this was just an “accident” and a natural outgrowth of “free markets” based on “human nature,” etc…

    The fact of the matter is that photovoltaics were nowhere near as good as fossil fuels back then, and that is the main reason they didn't gain a lot of tractionChatteringMonkey

    :ok:

    Takes real effort to avoid so much contrary evidence.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)


    I’d be interested, for one. I hope you do so.
  • God, as Experienced, and as Metaphysical Speculation
    Jordan PetersonBrendan Golledge

    Oh Christ. Will references to this charlatanical bore never end?

    If you’re spending time and effort attempting to figure out the ramblings of Jordan Peterson, your own writing will be the worse for it. Friendly advice.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)
    For a second I thought this was real:

    https://theintercept.com/2023/08/20/global-warming-history-china-hoax/

    Goes to show the state of climate discourse.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)
    if we're serious about fighting climate change now reducing energy consumption needs to be central.Echarmion

    Reducing the fossil fuel energy consumption, yes. But most of that can be replaced with greener technology. Electricity, transportation, etc. Agriculture and heavy industry is harder— but our governments can subsidize the transition.

    The kind of massive and rapid change we need would involve a level of public mobilisation that's akin to a war footing.Echarmion

    We need more people pushing for these things, yes— especially at the local level of towns and cities.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)


    Well it has to be done. It either will or won’t. I don’t see the point of repeating over and over that this is a hard task.

    Yes, we’re all in agreement: it’s very hard. We may not have enough time. We may never have the political will. There may not be the technological breakthroughs we need. And so forth.

    Makes people feel special to constantly point this out I guess. This way they can go on believing what “realists” they are, etc. I’m not saying that’s you — but many people I’ve come across are like this. It’s on par with the “both sides are awful” mantra of politics. Yes, generally true — and then what? Lay down and die?
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)
    That very few people like to accept painful cuts to their standard of living.Echarmion

    The real question is when this silly canard gets thrown into the garbage with the other false dichotomies.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)


    Sh, adults are talking. Go back to chit-chatting and don’t worry yourself about it.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)


    Vaping didn’t become popular until much later, and is an entirely different thing. It too is now being regulated as an industry— rightfully.

    But in any case, you’ve missed the point — as usual. If you can’t keep up with the conversation, just let the adults talk.
  • Climate Change (General Discussion)
    Equal replacements in terms of EROI and all other conveniences are not available at scale, and not within the timeframe necessary to avert climate change.ChatteringMonkey

    EROI is already much better, and if you factor cost of externalities is no contest.

    Whether or not there is enough time is the second issue I mentioned earlier. But that too is because of lack of political will. Nothing has been done for so long, despite warnings and pleas from the science community and the public (and the globe), that it may indeed be too little, too late.

    But we don’t know for certain, and in any case it’s a ridiculous position to take if it’s thrown around to justify doing nothing, or rationalizes casually and idly chatting about it.

    People want to solve the problem in the abstract, sure, why not if they get told it won't cost them anything. I don't think they want to solve it in practice because they don't realise everything the solution entails. That is the point I've been making, yes.ChatteringMonkey

    I suppose the same could have been said about smoking. Banning smoking and heavily taxing cigarettes was a political decision, and there were definite costs associated with it. But it was eventually done, after years of delay, because the C evidence became undeniable.

    Anyway— what “people” do you refer to? You seem to want to continually shift the majority of blame upon the average citizen.

    You’re also exaggerating the costs and making a lot of assumptions about human beings which I don’t see much support for. I think average “people” care about their kids and grandkids’ futures, and would prefer that the world as we know it wasn’t burned or under water. This shows up in polling too — they want their governments to do more.

    People aren’t against heat pumps or efficient public transportation or solar panels. They’re not against utilities generating electricity from renewables. The costs are way down, and should be subsidized further (as we’ve done with oil and gas for decades). There are indeed problems when it comes to NIMBYISM regarding transmission lines, losing jobs, etc — and that can be dealt with. Not insurmountable at all.

    Why didn’t it start years ago, by the way? Is it really that “the people” were so stupid and ignorant that they didn’t push for it? Partly true I guess. But the political class elected to make the significant decisions did nothing.
    — Mikie

    What about the obvious answer? That it's just very hard to do, and goes against the very fundaments our world is build on. The ozone layer issue got solved rather quickly, because swapping out some spray can gasses only marginally impacted some economic niches.
    ChatteringMonkey

    It wasn’t that hard to do. It wasn’t done because the “economic niches” didn’t want it done and fought against it tooth and nail. This has been very well documented. Frontline did a great 3-part series on this last year:



    part, the energywende.ChatteringMonkey

    Still largely a success— although phasing out nuclear was a mistake.

    They certainly don't help, but I don't think we would have solved climate change even without their propaganda.ChatteringMonkey

    Well, then all I can repeat is that I don’t think you’ve looked into this aspect enough.

    Jimmy Carter had solar panels on the White House roof in the late 70s. Torn down by the fossil fuel shill Reagan. Imagine if instead we started a large renewable push in the 80s, and gradually transitioned? How much better would we be today?

    I’d also Google Lee Raymond.