What is Faith? I find it not so hard to understand the difference between in and of. There is the faith OF Christ as possessed and revealed by him culminating in his Resurrection and the faith IN Christ which Paul internalized and carried forth as his mission to proclaim the means by which man is justified compared to the external world of Law devoid of any such justification. Note what it states in your quote...even we have believed in Jesus Christ, that we might be justified by the faith of Christ.
Paul couldn't have proceeded without that prior incarnation of faith manifested in Christ.
Since you proclaim it as an essential distinction, you must already have some idea as to what that is and not merely proclaim as some mystery one must ponder. Actually the biblical quote is quite clear in its meaning. If there is a mystery, it is the mystery of faith itself.