We broadly agree. I applaud your knowledge. Do I detect a hint of Max Weber - the Protestant ethic and the spirit of Capitalism?
You're right, that after the fall of Rome in 410 AD, there was a rediscovery of Roman and Greek knowledge, but that was largely a consequence of the Crusades from around 1000 AD to 1250 AD.
Generally dated from 1300 to 1700, the Renaissance brought an end to the Dark Ages. And by the time Galileo wrote Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems - in 1632, the Renaissance was at its height.
It's true that the Church had supported the feudal system - but serfdom was effectively ended in Britain by 1500, and finally made illegal in 1574. It was not that much different across Europe.
The banking houses of Lisbon and Amsterdam, the spice trade with the East and the Silk Road belay the idea that commerce was forbidden. Rather, the Church had a prohibition against usury - that is, lending money. Jews had no such prohibitions, and that set the subsequent tone of Christian attitudes towards Jews. We borrowed money from them and weren't particularly gracious about paying it back.
The Protestant reformation began about 1500, and drove a great deal of European colonialism, particularly to the Americas. Which brings us back to Max Weber's classic. The Protestant ethic played out in the US, while wars of religion raged across Europe for hundreds of years.
Galileo wrote Dialogue in 1632 and was received by a Church challenged on multiple fronts; and Galileo - while incredibly smart, was not terribly smart about how he presented his findings. He put the position of the Church:
1 Chronicles 16:30: Tremble before him, all the earth! The world is firmly established; it cannot be moved.
Psalm 93:1: The LORD reigns, he is robed in majesty; the LORD is robed in majesty and armed with strength; indeed, the world is established, firm and secure.
Psalm 96:10: Say among the nations, “The LORD reigns.” The world is firmly established, it cannot be moved; he will judge the peoples with equity.
Psalm 104:5:He set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved.
Job 9:6: He shakes the earth from its place and makes its pillars tremble.
Psalm 75:3: When the earth and all its people quake, it is I who hold its pillars firm
1 Samuel 2:8: “For the foundations of the earth are the LORD’s; on them he has set the world.
...in the mouth of Simplicio - a pun in common Italian, on Simpleton. One could argue that Galileo made it impossible for the Church to accept his proof that the earth orbits the sun, particularly given all the other challenges they faced. But it was a mistake; and one that effectively divorced science as an understanding of reality from science as a tool - used for military and industrial power.
The point of all this is not to look back in anger, but rather - to understand the causes of the challenges we face, and so, understand how to secure the future. Our mistake is simply this; we used the tools but didn't read the instructions. We need to recognise that a scientific understanding of reality is an instruction manual for the application of technology.