Always when this, then that — Banno

Mill's 5 methods to determine causation

1. Method of Agreement:

A B C occur together with w x y
A E F occur together with w t u

Ergo,

A is a necessary cause of w [when w, also A]

2. Method of Difference

A B C occur together with w x y
B C occur together with x y

Ergo,

A is a sufficient cause of w [when no w, also no A]

3. Joint Method

A B C occur with w x y
A E F occurs with w t u
B C occurs with x y

Ergo,

A is a necessary and sufficient cause of w

4. Method of Residue

A B C occur together with w x y
B is the cause of x
C is the cause of y

Ergo,

A is the cause of w

5. Method of Concomitant Variation

A B C occur with w x y

A$\pm$ results in w$\pm$ x y

Increasing/decreasing A causes increase/decrease (positive scalar correlation) or decrease/increase (negative scalar correlation) in w

Ergo,

A is the cause of w — Agent Smith

Koch's postulates are the following:

1. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms.

2. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.

3. The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.

4. The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.

However, Koch later abandoned the universalist requirement of the first postulate altogether when he discovered asymptomatic carriers of cholera and, later, of typhoid fever. — Wikipedia

Unless you've seen this opera before, we can't assume that there is only one fat lady singing. If I was librettist, my opera might be composed of only fat ladies, singing for hours and hours and hours (perhaps days). — Nils Loc

What "phenomenon"? :roll: — 180 Proof

As I said, there is no equivalence, due to entropy, which is the supposed "energy" which is unavailable, neither potential nor kinetic. — Metaphysician Undercover

Potential energy is energy relative to a thing's position. Kinetic energy is energy relative to a thing's activity. Clearly there is a very substantial difference between kinetic energy and potential energy. — Metaphysician Undercover

Thanks — Seeker

It would be good if you were willing to be more open to the proposition rather than simply trying to find weaknesses. — Graeme M

Leaves fall
Leaves pile up;
Rain ... beats on rain. — Gyōdai

Agreed Agent Smith!

I see no difference with small scale and the macro world in that regard. — invizzy

I have no formal education but for primary school — Seeker

whenever we can — Graeme M

when possible and practicable — Graeme M

On the other hand you can feel certain of anything at all. — Janus

It [veganism] isn't simply a diet. — Graeme M

No one is ‘right’ or ‘left’ brain dominant. This is a nonsense myth that persists through uninformed pop-‘science’. — I like sushi

You forgot to direct that to Isaac. — schopenhauer1

Could be. Nature seems to exist for itself, so it is possible that nihilist angst isn't really about meaninglessness but against meanings. This is nuanced as in the case of meaninglessness nothing has meaning but to be against meaning is a skepticism and incredulity about what the world, particularly the social world, has to offer. To live in a state of nature where you hunt your prey and gather the forest's offerings would not require artificial inducements like work ethic and a system of rewards that are a house of cards for the animal in us to want to knock down. Once all the houses of cards with all their meaningless symbols have fallen maybe that would be the end of nihilism. — introbert

Well said. :up: — schopenhauer1

Come again? — Alkis Piskas