Refugees, the Islamic State, and Leaving the Politics of the Enlightenment Era I was thinking of how the Romans had a pretty advanced concept of the universal citizen for the region they were in, but actually there has been similar substitutes elsewhere as well, the Iroquois League Confederacy being one of them. In the Iroquois League Confederacy, inter-tribal breeding was encouraged, and intra-tribal breeding discouraged. Then, there are less elaborate forms, for instance tribes that believed that the human species itself was to be protected, and this stemmed from the polydeist religious views that came from them. In some hill tribes up here in the North of Thailand, there are remnants of the old
Nat religion, which, prior to the Burmese incorporating into their city-state for hegemonic control, was similar to many religions that saw spirits in all things.
However, to address Mariner's point about the necessity for shelter from superhuman forces, in the modern era, the advancement of the concept of the universal citizen came during the industrial age, which was, of course, building on the concepts built during the Renaissance. The idea is that since now (even in the early 1800s) productivity potentialities has increased so manifold, it makes no sense to keep the hierarchical structure that is found in nation-states or old centralized tribalist societies, but that is makes more sense to simply open up society and let people simply migrate freely. This seems to be the root of the "no human is illegal" saying that migrant rights activists seem to use.