Comments

  • Seven of the first dozen posts are religious drivel. This has ceased to be a philosophy forum.
    At what time and on what day were the first 7 drivel, because this thread is in the first 7 right now.

    Drivel, drivel, snit and snivel;
    key strokes fly and deep thinks fizzle.
  • The Forum is Biased for Atheism and Against Religion
    I'm not a moderator and do not read every post as a member, so I cannot be sure whether what you are claiming is true or not.

    My guess is that if an atheist claimed that theism was so irrational as to constitute insanity and ought to be treated with severe methods (lobotomy, shock treatment, political reeducation camps, execution, being forced to work in some incredibly tedious office) that they would be censored. Atheists are unlikely (but it's not impossible) to make such a claim. Why? Because atheism is a general rejection of all kinds of theisms, while theists generally affirm a particular variety. Nothing wrong with that, either.

    What upsets the moderators (and the moderators are biased) is when someone makes a claim like "If you do not accept Jesus Christ as your personal savior, you are doomed to hell!" I have a sister who says that fairly often; she would be banned pretty quickly from here.

    Some theists are fundamentalists (not just Christian ones, either) and they raise a lot of hackles because they reject cultural trends that most people on philosophy forums hold near and dear. A mainline Christian (Catholic, Methodist, Lutheran...) will be far less likely to make sweeping claims which will bother moderators.

    Some atheists here have long histories of theistic belief and are not hostile towards theism. Like moi for instance.
  • Evidence for the supernatural
    Interesting. Also about 40 or 50 years ago, I had two dreams in which I met the Devil. In one the Devil was in a person I knew, had some reason to fear (a threat to personal autonomy maybe); in the other he was much less distinct but more threatening. The setting of the dream was not at all hellish -- it was hometown sited.

    From one psychoanalytic POV, the dream was clearly a message from the unconscious to NOT take up this guy's invitation to live with him during graduate school as a lover. (I did anyway -- it worked out well). From a POV as to whether the supernatural exists, it was a validating message (though about the devil rather than Jehovah... one has to take what one can get).

    When I was a child, even into adolescence, I had a fear of dark places -- like the barn where we stored coal. One of my jobs was to fill buckets of coal after school and bring them to the house for the stove. I always tried to get this done while it was still light out. I knew the barn like the back of my hand, but alone in the dark it took on a malevolent character. As a mature adult I have felt these feelings about dark places only very rarely, and they were easily rationalized.

    It isn't hard at all to imagine how a person immersed in a culture where it was believed that the world was infested with benign and malignant small gods could be both comforted and terrorized frequently. Imagining spirits seems like something humans are just primed to do -- unless otherwise instructed. And most of us are not otherwise instructed. Billions are encouraged to believe in 1, 2, 3... 50 gods.
  • Re: Kavanaugh and Ford
    How about Elizabeth Warren, Senator, D - Massachusetts? I'm pretty sure she's available for nomination in 2020 - she's been running spots on the internet where she talks about policy. She's more like Sanders, less like Clinton (in policy).
  • Re: Kavanaugh and Ford
    No, she's a moronic republican who makes Trump sound erudite.
  • Evidence for the supernatural
    What other examples are there that provides evidence for something supernatural?Purple Pond

    Supposing you were sitting there in front of your computer contemplating your next post, and you heard, clear as a bell, a voice that said "Jack Jones" (or whatever you name is) "I am god and I am real and you are not imagining my voice. You will now feel an intense comforting warmness." And you did feel a comforting warmness which lasted for days.

    Would that be sufficient? (John Wesley, an Anglican priest and the founder of the Methodist Church felt his heart "strangely warmed" and reassured.

    Or do you need to see the stars in the sky rearranged to say "I am god and you all are totally screwed"?
  • My Kind Of Atheism
    It's a philosophy forum, there are philosophical arguments for and against, which are the subject matter of 'philosophy of religion'.Wayfarer

    Yeah, I've found the arguments presented for religion unpersuasive. If god, God, the gods are ineffable, beyond our ken, immortal, invisible, omnipotent, and so forth -- then our attempts to explain or prove their existence ought to be unsuccessful, and I think they are. Our pious inventions are constructed such that the gods are not explainable by logic.

    So why do people believe? The vast majority are taught to believe; some experience conversion (see visions, smell pancakes, whatever...) and maybe several read logical arguments and were convinced. There is nothing wrong with teaching children to pray to god, or whatever else about religion they teach them.

    We are religious because we can be religious -- we have the wherewithal between our ears to have faith and everything that goes with it. It serves many functions individually and socially.
  • My Kind Of Atheism
    And what do believers do? The profess their beliefs. What more can they who believe in the immortal, invisible, ineffable do?

    One thing some believers do is live out aspects of their belief: The feed the poor or slay heathens, whatever they are inclined to do. The least they do is get together with other believers for an official validation of their belief, every now and then.

    What is it you would expect from S? Personally, I can't offer you any evidence for either belief or disbelief, and I doubt very much if you can, either. (Suggesting nothing inadequate about you, of course. Just that... how could you?)
  • My Kind Of Atheism
    If you believe in Baby Jesus, my guess is he has no complaint with that either.Jake

    Correct. People believe in all sorts of things. Jesus, Abraham, Mohammed, Buddha, the god of the swamp, the god of the wind, Odin, Demeter, Brahma Shiva, Vishnu, etc. And no gods whatsoever. People also believe in the likelihood that they will win the lottery (even though the odds are at least 100,000,000 to 1 that they won't). Some people believe in unfettered capitalism, others in rigorous regulation.

    I've been a believer and I know from that experience that there are pleasant features of belief, so I don't have anything against people believing in Baby Jesus or Shiva. It isn't that I think Jesus is going to do anything on their behalf, just that the opposite nullity isn't either. We're on our own. We're on our own in a lonely universe. IF most people are less lonely because of Allah or Ahura Mazda, fine by me.

    I get upset when believers want gods to do more than alleviate their loneliness -- like boost their GDP, smite their enemies, lay gold and jewels on them (the believers), fix their parking tickets, cause pond scum to be approved by the Senate, and so forth.

    I also get upset when I am informed of my imminent damnation because I don't happen to believe what they believe.

    I guess I am a laissez faire atheist.
  • What makes a "good" thread?
    8 posts (including mine) in 16 hours. At this rate, it should fare wellHanover

    Really? It is only my impression that success is more immediate. Within 16 hours a virile manly thread will have taken off and have dozens of progeny. A wrinkly, limp-dick thread will get a post or two here and there and then shrivel up completely.

    Timing matters too. Were you to start a new, not very novel thread on Ford/Kavan right now, it would probably not go anywhere, since the existing thread has been doing well. 435+ in 6 days).

    Atheism and religion topics usually do well, even if most of them are really pretty similar. (Most of them could all be combined into one giant thread--The Gods: fir'em 'n agin'em.)
  • What makes a "good" thread?
    A successful-traffic generating post is something about which many care. The Donald Trump United thread has 2.9K posts, while "The Morality Of Bestowing Sentience" -- which was addressed by 7 posts. Clearly Donald Trump is of more interest than the problem of bestowing sentience on the non-sentient--like Donald Trump, for instance.

    The Uplift science fiction novels were about bestowing human-level sentience on dolphins and primates. Cracking good stories. Lots of science fiction novels feature sentient machines. Apparently the authors and enthusiastic readers of these novels are not members here.

    90% of all of my OPs have failed to appeal to more than a few people. Either it's the way I pose topics, the topics itself, or personal animosity toward me. Of course I take a lack of interest personally.
  • What makes a "good" thread?
    Sometimes indifferent threads become quite interesting when a weeds-sending poster performs their magic and says something irrelevant that transforms the discussion into something really good.
  • What makes a "good" thread?
    I do not know how to define a good topic. It seems to be the case that [what seem to be] good topics presented properly can be derailed by posters who wander off into the weeds. Whether it is the posters or the topic that is the problem could be tested by posting a splendidly well-structured OP, then allowing posters from Group A, who have a record of responding to posts in an on-point, orderly manner to respond in one thread. Group B, who have a record of responding to posts in a fashion that disrupts orderly discussion would be allowed to respond to the topic in a second thread.

    You could also post a potentially good but poorly structured post. Have Group A and Group B respond to the same badly written OP in separate threads.

    One could thereby observe the difference a well-structured and a poorly structured OP faired in the hands of good posters and bad posters.

    Another approach would be to allow the OP author to delete off-topic, off-point postings. The OP author would have to be on-line a lot to delete every weeds-bound post.

    I have now sent your OP into the weeds by making an impractical experiment out of it.

    I could, if you would like, now launch a personal attack on your person to further ruin the integrity of your opening post.
  • My Kind Of Atheism
    I do not have any problems with your statement about the kind of atheism you uphold.
  • Re: Kavanaugh and Ford
    ...the Republicans are against the investigation because they're worried ... that it will cost them votes in the midtermsMichael

    Offer up prayers, burnt offerings, your first born, whatever you've got, that "cost them votes in the midterms" turns out to be a huge understatement, and that the 2020 election turns out to be even worse for the Republicans.

    I would not consider it out of order for Trump and his cabinet, and the Republican leadership of the House and Senate to perform hara-kiri on the front lawn of the White House. It would be messy but...
  • Re: Kavanaugh and Ford
    Ok, so you're a cross between Karl Marx and Santa Claus. :100:Baden

    so true, so true...
  • Re: Kavanaugh and Ford
    Sorry for calling you a shithead.frank

    Shit happens.

    I can see why some people would think I was being insensitive. I do understand that Dr. Ford was psychologically damaged by the assault upon her. Kavanaugh was drunk at the time, and his roommate at Yale noted that he became belligerent when drunk. I've lived with mean drunks, and a guy who is sunny and charming when sober can become a tough customer when drunk. And that's speaking of mature men.

    Ford spoke about her own brain development (incomplete at 15) contributing to her trauma. Kavanaugh's brain was also incompletely developed. My understanding is that development isn't complete until 25 years on average. I'm pretty sure my brain wasn't done even at 25. The length of time required for the brain to finish developing is why juveniles are not responsible, and why their finished character isn't set at 17.

    Actually shit doesn't just happen.

    340px-Digestive_system_diagram_edit.svg.png

    The long green part has a lot to do with it.
  • Re: Kavanaugh and Ford
    I heard much of Ford's testimony, then I had to leave for the Dentist. The people in the University dental school cubical didn't know anything about it. Well, the graduate student prosthodontist is from Wales, so he has an excuse. The other two are young-to-middle age women--dental techs. They didn't know jack shit about it.

    I missed the melt down and Kavanaugh's ranting (heard excerpts later).

    So... we shall see what happens next.
  • Re: Kavanaugh and Ford
    The second from the left on the bottom is pretty much what I envision you look like.Baden

    The picture is untouched. The brightness is the result of my Transfiguration which was beginning that morning.

    tumblr_pfqoscX0Vv1s4quuao1_400.png
  • Re: Kavanaugh and Ford
    The second from the left on the bottom is pretty much what I envision you look like.Baden

    I imagine the second from the left on the top row is what you look like--on a good day.

    I've posted my picture you could post yours.
  • Hell
    1. If hell exists, there would be Biblical evidence for its existence, or it exists only conceptually in the minds of human beings due to misinterpreting the Bible.
    2. Things that only exist conceptually in the minds of human beings do not actually exist.
    3. There is no Biblical evidence for the existence of hell.
    4. Therefore, hell does not actually exist.
    Francesco di Piertro

    A logical exercise is mostly irrelevant in religious belief. Belief just doesn't work that way. People do not arrive at belief through logic (in 99+% of the cases) and they won't abandon their belief because of a syllogism (in 99+% of the cases).

    The Bible references numerous events and things that do not exist, as far as we know. There's no evidence, for instance, that the Red Sea was parted for the fleeing Hebrews, and then closed up over the Egyptians who chased after them. So Heaven and Hell, neither of which exist in some specific place that we can know about, are not supported by the Bible.
  • Re: Kavanaugh and Ford
    IF you are against Kavanaugh being approved by the Senate, then welcome to the club of people who wish to see him rejected. The appropriate grounds for voting against Kavanaugh is the kind of judge he would probably make.

    I don't care how many lie detector tests Ms. Ford takes. She can swear on a stack of Bibles that Kavanaugh was not nice to her. Kavanaugh can deny he was unkind to her till hell freezes over. It's irrelevant. EVEN IF she produced a video tape of these clumsy adolescents on a bed, it would still be irrelevant.

    Everybody (bar none) misbehaves at times. Everybody (bar none) behaves unwisely at times. Everybody (bar none) has their own memory of what did or did not happen in the past. "His lies" depends on "her truth". No. I don't automatically believe what women say. Sorry. They have to have something more than to just allege men doing things that they didn't like. Even if it happened, it wasn't a crime then or now. And even if it did happen, it still doesn't determine what kind of man he is now, what kind of judge he is now, or what kind of judge he will be in the future.
  • Unjust Salvation System?
    That doesn't verify the truthfulness of a proposition.Ram

    That's alright. I don't care.
  • Re: Kavanaugh and Ford
    heard her specifically mention Kavanaugh as being the one who assaulted her way before he was being considered for this post.Baden

    It doesn't matter how many people heard her discuss Kavanaugh's behavior. It wasn't criminal when it happened and being brought up 35 years later doesn't make it criminal now, either.
  • Re: Kavanaugh and Ford
    I hope eventually the apparent sexual abuser...Baden

    There are plenty of good reasons to vote NO on Kavanaugh without defining juvenile behavior as sex crime.

    You are corralling too much behavior and too many people you disapprove of into the category of criminal sex abuse. An adult forcing / coercing a child to engage in intercourse is the classic definition of sex abuse. Rape, forced sexual intercourse by an adult on an adolescent or adult, is another definition of sex abuse.

    What adolescents do at parties may be appalling breaches of taste, etiquette, good sense, and more but a boy doing what the young Kavanaugh allegedly did to this girl (Ms. Ford) is not a crime and is not sex abuse. It's juvenile sex play. What should be done about juvenile sex play? What should be done is provide adult supervision. Apparently there was none on hand at this famous party. Is juvenile sex play insignificant? Maybe not -- but it isn't a criminal matter. It's an educational issue: teaching juveniles how to engage -- or not engage in sex -- goes for boys and girls both. Once the juvenile becomes an adult, THEN juvenile-style sex play (if that's what the adult was doing) could be criminal.

    Let's save the term "sex abuse" for the real thing.

    I'm not trying arguing this on behalf of Kavanaugh. I don't want to see him approved by the Senate. What Weinstein did, or Trump did, or what Cosby did, or what a serial rapist did, and so forth is not what Kavanaugh did.

    Be against Kavanaugh because he will probably be a very conservative judge, if you want a good reason to be against him.
  • How do you feel about religion?
    At times religion has seemed a lot like a poke in the eye with a sharp stick, and other times it has felt better than that.

    I haven't read the thread, but complex human organizations need glue to hold them together. I think @praxis talked about glue.

    We need various things to establish controls, order, hierarchies, meaning, and so on. Religion is one piece among several systems for holding societies together. Just because we are alive in the 21st century doesn't mean that we are different than we were 15 centuries or 150 centuries ago. We still need institutions like religion, law, courts, schools, etc. We still need to make many things, grow food, trade, and what not -- and manage all of that economic activity. And more besides.

    The trick with religion is to prevent them from becoming static and irrelevant on the one hand and tyrannous on the other hand. Something in between. Reformations have to happen periodically.
  • Unjust Salvation System?
    Jews, Christians, Moslems, Buddhists, Zoroastrians, Hindus, Jains, etc. have been busy trying to explain/defend/make sense of their religions for a long time.

    Man is the author of the Gods. Our Gods generally demand a great deal more of humans than we feel like delivering on most days, so we disappoint our gods. We have to find a way to get around the problem of disappointing, angering, and enraging our various gods, less they smite us. How can our created gods harm us? Of course they can't, but bad things are always happening -- fire, wind, earthquakes, boils, itchy skin, tumors, stinging wasps, snakes, poisonous algae, ponzi schemers, lions, communists, radiation leaks, rats... there are a lot of things out there waiting to get at us, and periodically succeed. We can charge all these bad things to our Gods' accounts.

    I found it liberating to just stop thinking about it from the POV that I was liable to eternal damnation--or heaven, either.

    BTW, I think creating gods was a major (the major?) cultural achievement of either the very early modern period or the very late stone age period -- around 20,000-30,000 years ago, give or take 15 minutes.
  • Unjust Salvation System?
    Just curious... are you concerned with your own salvation and damnation, or is this a logic problem for you?

    I don't like stingy salvation and generous damnation schemes either, the "You must believe in Jesus or Allah or Marx or Neoliberalism... or you will surely die as unpleasant death as we can arrange for you and dying will last forever..." sort of thing.

    My way around all this is to make God bigger, concerned with the whole cosmos (including us, of course, but not as the Crown of Creation). Bigger, cooler, farther away, embodying the universe. Did that God inspire the Bible? Send an angel to impregnate Mary? Raise his alleged child from the dead? No. We did all that on our own. Our god is too small.

    I figure that when I die that will pretty much be it. No pits of fire, no pearly gates, no trumpets, no pitchforks, no wings, no horns. And that's fine with me, because life is good, and sometime it will be over. That's enough and we should be grateful.
  • Judging the judges: character and judicial history
    See, those [the business with e-mail you mentioned] are the kinds of reasons that I would like to see for disqualifying a candidate to a nominated federal office. And I want the disqualifying acts to have been investigated and proven. Alleging that someone stole e-mails is not sufficient to act upon. I could allege that someone is a Russian spy, operates a child pornography studio, robs banks, or anything else. Why would anyone believe me? They would believe me if they felt I was a font of truth, if they felt they were obligated to believe me, or they felt compelled by their perception of public opinion to believe me, or at least create the impression that they believed me.

    They could disbelieve me for similar reasons, and disbelief would be as valid as belief IF for the reasons just stated.

    So it is, if someone is alleged to have have behaved inappropriately (whatever that means), the accusation should be ignored unless the accuser can come up with creditable evidence (like rape kit evidence, official photographs of the injuries (bruises, cuts, bleeding, witnesses to the acts, fingerprints, etc). If there isn't any evidence, then there isn't any evidence. That may be regrettable or highly inconvenient, but the lack of evidence can not be corrected by vehement insistence that an unsupported accusation be taken as truth.

    #metoo is not the first or only instance of this sort of thing in the US, or elsewhere.
  • On Depression
    I'm not objecting to talking. I'm objecting to going endlessly round and round in circles while pretending we are making progress towards some goal other than going endlessly round and round in circles.Jake

    Of course you are not objecting. Pretending to make progress while going round and round is one of the principle activities of humankind.
  • Trump verses western literature
    Are people consulting the canon of Anglo-American literature (let alone the canons of western lit) for guidance? I have a sneaking suspicion they are not.

    Whom the hero is might depend on context, might it not? Robin Hood was certainly not a hero to everyone; presumably the poor to whom he distributed the wealth he liberated from the rich thought him a hero. The rich? Not so much. If a dictator protects the estates of the rich and suppresses the poor, might the rich think the dictator a hero? Yes.

    To whom is Trump a hero?

    Trump has done absolutely nothing material for the poor, or for the dispossessed white working classes. What Trump did was galvanize a significant number of white working class people who were looking for somebody to blame for their bad situation. If Trump is a hero to the "white trash" in the rust belt and elsewhere, it is because he directed them toward a target they could heartily hate -- Hillary Clinton. (I can understand how working class people could dislike Hilary. I'm at least a solid liberal if not a democratic socialist, and I didn't like her much, either.)

    Trump is also a hero to the very well off; he is one of them (even if his own wealth is exaggerated, he certainly is in the top 5%) because he supports the privileges of wealth--the privileges of economic power.

    There are hundreds, thousands of Americans, British, Germans, Russians, and other rich sons of bitches who have behaved far worse than Donald Trump. Some of the Russian Romanov Tzars were grotesquely cruel and vicious. There were plenty of British grandees whose behavior was thoroughly contemptible by any standard, any time. Ditto for the rich German, Turk, Saudi, Indian, Chinese, Hottentot, and Aztec panjandrums all.

    We just didn't expect run of the mill New York real estate entrepreneurs to be quite so... unsavory. But why shouldn't we? What is not to loathe about New York real estate dealings?
  • Should Religious Posts be banned from the forum?
    "Religion", as Uncle Karl said, "is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people".

    It is too central to the experience of most of the people (on earth) to be neglected. Most people are born into their religious form, but many navigate their way to it or out of it, and their efforts are worthy of philosophical speculation.

    But then, my view of philosophy isn't 'academic'; I prefer a wideness to the definition of philosophy, and "why people behave the way they do" is central to it.
  • Will Trump get reelected?
    it has lost or jetisoned the essential guidance that was afforded by Thoreau (and EmersonMarcus de Brun

    Were Thoreau and Emerson ever that influential? I like them both, but... An Essay on Civil Disobedience was never a best seller, and the people who were the most uncivilly disobedient--the Confederates--were scum, filth and dirt to a substantial degree.

    There were a whole batch of New Englanders -- the transcendentalists, abolitionists, various religious (Shakers for instance, even Mormons, I suppose), mellowed Puritans, etc. who were something of a city on the hill.
  • Will Trump get reelected?
    I attempted to post an alternative view of the Trump phenomena some time ago and it was censored. Fortunately this OP is from 'Teachers Pet' and is less likely to be quashed. But we shall see :smile:Marcus de Brun

    Sometimes the moderators fingers get twitchy when they get near the "delete" switch. A number of interesting discussions have been aborted.
  • Will Trump get reelected?
    Trump has brought North Korea to the tablesPosty McPostface

    I think NK's Maximum Leader Kim Jong-un brought Trump to the tables, as @wayfarer suggested. Kim, and his predecessors have practiced a weird hot/cold foreign policy towards the US for a long time. Trump needs and likes red carpet flashes in the pan too.

    I just don't dislike him as much as I used to.Posty McPostface

    When did you stop beating your mother as much as you used to? Do you like him more, or are you just getting used to him?

    Trump's re-election is severe nausea inducing for me. I'd much prefer to have a Democratic Socialist in the White House, but that's not very likely.

    True enough: Trump is a liar, but probably not more than many another politician. He is exceptionally déclassé, outré, and révoltant. He is something of a trou de merde [shit hole] himself, but I didn't object to his shit hole comment.

    Trump is not worse than many of his Republican colleagues and Democratic opponents. He maintains fewer pretenses than most leaders, and a good share of the national leadership in Washington are liars, thieves, knaves, and scoundrels.

    You have to take the management of the nation's affairs as a long term whole, and over the last 50 years the several congresses and presidents have managed to degrade life for the majority of the people. The decades-long stagnation of wages, unfavorable (for the working class--which is most of the people) trade policies, financial skullduggery, shredding of social service infrastructure, the malignant redistribution of wealth, and so forth are not accidental.
  • On Depression
    I can't say I feel all that depressed. Although, I do sit home all day and do nothing productive with my timePosty McPostface

    That's part of your problem right there: sitting home all the time doing nothing. In your situation, activity might be quite therapeutic. What kind of activity? Anything that gets you out of the chair, onto your feet, and out the door for a while, doing something constructive, or pleasant, or diverting, or amusing...

    There's no deep psychology behind this -- just William James' idea that the way we act (behave) has an effect on the way we feel. The point of getting up, on your feet, out the door, doing something is to activate your executive agency, give your body some physical exercise, and get you into Vitamin D producing sunlight for a while.

    I'm sure you know all this. You're obviously a very smart guy. But being a smart guy may not apply to self-knowledge or good self-care. Man, I've been stupid about me while being so brilliant about everything else.

    Here's how the Weavers put this old British song

  • Reproduction is a Political Act
    In other words, politics is hand-in-hand with existential statements about life, the community, and human destiny, even if people don’t recognize it as such.schopenhauer1

    Absolutely.

    It is the ultimate "yay" to life/society.schopenhauer1

    It's like when somebody offers the platitude, "It's a great day to be alive!" I always respond with "Let's not get carried away with enthusiasm."

    So, "Yay", but no standing ovations please.
  • Reproduction is a Political Act
    Remember my support for antinatalism is practical, not philosophical. I don't expect life to be without suffering; painless; always interesting; daily refreshing; exciting; valuable; and so on. My hope is to reduce the number of living beings to something closer to what a finite planet can support well. 7.5, 8, 9, 10, 12... billion is too many. I'll pick a number, 2.5 billion -- the population of 1950.

    Getting to 6 billion, 5 billion, 4 or 3 billion will be NO PICNIC. It will involve huge economic, social, religious, military, agricultural disruptions as populations diminish. There will be inverted distributions of population for generations. It will take a sustained cross generational effort to achieve a non-coercive, non-catastrophic population decline. (I suppose we could wipe out half the population if we really worked at it, but then you have other kinds of disruption, and most likely billions of pissed off, bitter, and resentful survivors.)