• Fitch's paradox of Knowability
    Update

    The Justified True Belief Theory Of knowledge asserts that,

    S (a person) KNOWS P (a proposition) IFF

    1. P is true
    2. P is justified
    3. S believes P

    This looks like a perfectly good definition of knowledge.

    Consider now the following 4 paragraphs:

    Paragraph 1: Apples are a fruit. Apples are sweet when ripe and they come in different varieties. Apples grow in temperate regions of the world and are widely consumed. Apples are rich in vitamins and antioxidants.

    Paragraph 2: Apples are dogs. Apples grow in the desert and apples are found on Venus. Too, apples are cars and they eat meat.

    Paragraph 3: Apples are not dogs. Apples don't grow in the desert and apples are not found on Venus. Too, apples are not cars and they do not eat meat.

    Paragraph 4: Apples are dogs is false. Apples grow in the desert is false and apples are found on Venus is false. Too, apples are cars is false and they eat meat is false

    Paragraphs 1, 3 and 4 contain all true propositions but paragraph 2 consists of all false propositions.

    A) If S believes all true propositions in paragraph 1, it can be said that S knows these propositions and also that S has knowledge of apples.

    B) If S believes all propositions in paragraph 2, we can say for sure that S doesn't know anything about apples.

    C) If S believes all propositions in paragraphs 3 and 4, S knows these propositions BUT it feels odd to say that S has knowledge of apples.

    D) Paragraph 3 and 4 are identical as NOT = is false.

    Issues:

    (i) The JTB theory of knowledge needs reviewing (see C).

    (ii) If a proposition p is false, we can't know p (see B) but we can know that p is false, this is a different proposition, ~p (see C)

    How does all this matter to Fitch's paradox?

    Some have claimed that it's possible to know false propositions.

    To clarify that assertion, consider apophatic theology: We can know God via negativans (by way of denying).

    The basic idea behind apophatic theology is that we can know by not knowing which can be translated as knowing falsehoods (about God). All I know of God is what is false about God which is a very clever, roundabout, elliptical, way of saying I don't know anything about God.
  • Fitch's paradox of Knowability
    Fitch's paradox is about true propositions.
    — TheMadFool

    I know. I'm extending it to false propositions as well. Sue me.
    Olivier5

    Apophatic Theology

    Apophatic theology (via negativans): To deny of God all posssible predicates. So,

    God is material. No! God is a male. No! God is x (any predicate). No!

    In other words, where Q stands for any predicate and g is God, Qg is always false or ~Qg is always true.

    Knowing something, say apples, is nearly always in terms of positive predicates i.e. I know an apple in terms of what it is and not in terms of what it is not.

    In apophatic theology, we're asked to know God from what God is not i.e. all we know about God is what is false about God.

    Apophatic anything: Knowing not by knowing what is true about that thing but by "knowing" what is false about that thing.
  • An analysis of the shadows
    Yes, but does an apophatic conception of God entail any kind of reality or existence at all? Because if not, then God is simply the imagination of something so great that we cannot imagine it. We don't imagine the unimaginable (which would be a contradiction), we imagine that there is an unimaginable. What kind of reality or existence can we imagine the unimaginable to have?Janus

    To make sense of apophatic theology (knowing by not knowing :chin: ), one has to understand that whatever it is that we're denying predicates of our world to, God, is beyond our comprehension, our comprehension being limited to those predicates I mentioned earlier.

    As for contradictions, yes, as I said: knowing by not knowing. We don't know what God is but we know what God is not! Knowing almost always is in the positive e.g. I know about apples when I know what apples are and I wouldn't really claim such a thing if all I know about apples is what apples are not. Thus to assert God in terms of negation of all known predicates is to actually not to know God but then apophatic theology is touted as a way of knowing God.
  • Number Sense
    You got me there. I was never good at math or logic. As far as I'm concerned, Socrates was a myth. :joke:Gnomon

    No problem! Your logic's better than mine by the way.
  • Razor Tongue
    It seems to be ascribed meaning when it is noted. In other words, when it's unexpected, as in the case where a response is either anticipated or desiredCiceronianus

    I see. We could look at it that way I suppose. Silence as an unanticipated response to a query of some kind.

    What I would like to ask though is how Khaby Lame's, how shall I put it?, realization that "the best way was not to speak" in order that he may, "reach as many people as possible" and other situations where one encounters meaningful silence compare/relate to each other?

    It's the whole point. The addiction of facile semiosis, or natural language, is that the stranger we are to what we think we mean is kept at bay and only emerges in the lessened terms of estrangement we encounter in every exchange. But that estrangement is the engine of all the other addictive terms of facile speech. And if the discipline of engaging in that speech entails a kind of rigor in sustaining that facile performance of it and access to it, lessening the estrangement always haunting it, then the dynamic of that rigor (emotion) and that haunting (the completeness of estrangement) is the real story of language.Gary M Washburn

    I get you. Wu wei! Thank you.
  • Razor Tongue
    There is no escaping ambiguity. If you think you've reached the end of it you need to think again, and keep talking. We cannot outstrip the deficit of understanding and clarity in anything we say.

    If polar oppositions are a functional tool in reason, the most encompassing polarity is that between strangeness and familiarity. Between the overwhelming impossibility of saying anything real and the entrenched addiction to facile hearing of words and reading of signs. The stranger is the subject, the facile attribution is the predicate. That's just how it works. Forget that, or, worse, deliberately exclude it, and language is just vapor.
    Gary M Washburn

    Wu Wei! :up: Not speaking by speaking!
  • Is global warming our thermodynamic destiny?
    Well obviously not in the conventional sense of "cheating" but it sounds better than "delaying for a femtosecond"TheVeryIdea

    The Wagon Wheel Effect



    Try this: say "night good" repeatedly, as fast as you can. At a certain point, you'll be find yourself saying "good night".
  • True or False logic.
    I do not understand the question. Obviously, there is sometimes water and sometimes land. So I can't say it's either sea or landSolarWind

    Let's stick to classic examples then. I recall reading fuzzy logic back in my early 20's. I must confess it all went over my head but one thing I do remember is fuziness us about grey areas which in philosophy is vagueness.

    One very good example of a fuzzy/vague concept is tallness/shortness. However, once we fix a particular height as a cut-off point, the vagueness/fuziness disappears.

    Two things to consider:

    1. Adapt logic to our conceptual schema: Vagueness is part of our language. Develop fuzzy logic.

    2. Adapt our conceptual schema to binary logic: Use precising definitions. Keep binary logic.

    Which option we go for would depend on...?
  • Politics and insanity
    Last night I had a revelation of sorts - nations when they engage in so-called politics, their conduct mirrors how people, as individuals, interact with one another (the posturing, the dialogs, the lies, the pretensions, the back-stabbing, the compromise, the quarrels, the fights, and so on).

    I have a particularly low opinion of politics and, as advised by an old friend, tried my best to stay away from any discussion on politics, failing, as it were, to realize I was always up to my ears immersed in it.

    It was a Darwinian moment for me - I came to know I was, despite what I've been telling myself (I'm not an animal), a (political) animal after all.

    The insanity, as far as I was concerned, was not the politics but how convinced I was that I was not involved in any politics. Delusional!
  • Is global warming our thermodynamic destiny?
    it is cheating the universeTheVeryIdea

    Is it?
  • True or False logic.
    The tidal flats have water at high tide and land at low tide.SolarWind

    If this definition generates fuziness then, the fuziness is in the definition. Amend the definition and the fuziness disappears.

    Can you also give me a statement that brings out the fuzziness in the term "tidal flat"?
  • What is philosophy? What makes something philosophical?
    This just dawned on me! Perhaps I should've had this epiphany a long time ago, about the time I had the pleasure cum pain of having encountered paraconsistent logic and non-Euclidean geometry. Others, surely, have understood this a long time ago.

    The realization: There really is no reason why we can't, shouldn't, invent/create worlds, presently only mental ones seem possible, with their own set of rules/laws; one could even build a world sans any laws/rules at all. The possibilities are endless you see. One could then simply decide to live one's life in the world one has made thus. You might want to, as a primer, look at :point: logical nihilism.
  • True or False logic.
    You need an additional assumption to decide the question.SolarWind

    So?

    Does the tidal flat belong to the land or to the sea?SolarWind

    Define "tidal flat".
  • Do you dislike it when people purposely step on bugs?
    This thread encompasses a vast majority of topics. It should not only be about the literal action of killing bugs but also the implications of the action and my stance regarding the physical pain of those bugs encompassed a variety of points that were addressed.TheSoundConspirator

    Now I do not know whether I was then a man dreaming I was a butterfly (a bug) or whether I am now a butterfly (a bug), dreaming I am a man. — Zhuangzi



    As flies (bugs) to wanton boys are we to th' gods,

    They kill us for their sport.
    — Gloucester

    I'd like to share a revelation that I've had during my time here. It came to me when I tried to classify your species and I realized that you're not actually mammals. Every mammal on this planet instinctively develops a natural equilibrium with the surrounding environment but you humans do not. You move to an area and you multiply and multiply until every natural resource is consumed and the only way you can survive is to spread to another area. There is another organism on this planet that follows the same pattern. Do you know what it is? A virus (a bug). Human beings are a disease, a cancer of this planet. You're a plague and we are the cure. — Agent Smith (The Matrix)


    Bugs bugging bugs!
  • What would happen if the internet went offline for 24hrs
    As some posters have remarked, the issue seems to be accessing our very own "natural personal internet" (the network of neurons that we've labelled the nervous system) and not the "artificial computer network" (the internet). The internet amounts to zip if the nervous system isn't functioning at peak levels. What would be the point of an internet if the person utilizing it is an idiot?
  • True or False logic.
    But everything depends on definitions. You wrote it yourself with Sorite's paradox. What is the use of insisting on binary logic if I cannot apply it in many cases? In politics there are many questions where binary logic is of no use. Is the pay of a particular worker fair? Yes or no?SolarWind

    Where is binary logic inapplicable?

    Do not fault binary logic for the errors in our conceptual schema. You mentioned fairness as regards pay. Be precise as to what you mean by fairness and it's all good, bivalent logic is perfectly apt.
  • Do you dislike it when people purposely step on bugs?
    No. Just the way you said it. Funny.Caldwell

    Roos Tarpals: Ouch time!



    :grin:
  • Number Sense
    What's your take on:

    A. Math requires logic: Numbers are patterns e.g. 1 is the pattern in the sets {7}, {a}, {dog}, {@}. To discern the pattern one reasons thus:

    1. I'll use a correspondence relationship i.e. I'll match the elements of one set to the elements of the other set.

    2. IF I follow the rule set out in 1 THEN, I can match "7" in the first set to "a" in the second set with nothing left over, so and so forth with the other sets too. LOGIC

    3. Let's label this pattern between the sets as one.

    B. Logic doesn't require math:

    1. All men are mortal

    2. Socrates is a man

    Ergo,

    3. Socrates is mortal

    unless

    1. 100% of men are mortal

    2. Socrates is a man

    Thus,

    3. Socrartes is 100% mortal
    ?
  • An analysis of the shadows
    I think universals are a very interesting aspect of cognition, of the way we perceive the world and make sense of it or make it “intelligible”. We seem to have a natural tendency to look at things in a way that unifies separate entities into categories in order to provide ordered relations within a harmonious and meaningful whole. This enables us to process reality in ways that are essential to lifeApollodorus

    :ok:

    The essence of human cognition for Plato is “seeing”. When we see something we see a “form” or “shape”. This is why Plato uses the term eidos which means “that which is seen”, i.e., the form or shape of an object of sightApollodorus

    Another word for understanding is seeing. See?

    So, we can see why form in general, and Form as universal in particular, is the basis of intelligibility. Further, if we think about it, each Form is both a unity and something good, as it performs the essential function of making the world intelligible to us. Thus we can reduce all sensibles to Forms and all Forms to the One which is Good.Apollodorus

    The key step.

    Finally, it stands to reason to assume that this first principle, the One, is intelligent as only an intelligent being can create and unify all the Forms and their instantiations in a harmonious, functioning whole. We need not refer to this intelligence as “God”, but it is difficult to deny or doubt its intelligence especially from a 4th-century BC perspectiveApollodorus

    And thereby hangs a tale. Intelligence being, in a sense, the trait we zero in on.

    Plato, in fact, does not ask us to worship the One. He simply urges us to try and get to know it. He tells us that the One or the Good is knowable, that the Forms lead us to it and that once we know it, we fully know the Forms and, by extension, everything else. Plotinus seems to have made some progress in this direction. In any case, Platonism is an invitation to practical philosophy not mere intellectual speculation.Apollodorus

    Right!

    The point then is simple: no idea of God one could imagine/conceive of is "not even wrong" (Wolfgang Pauli) No such thing is even a mistake which we could correct to arrive at the truth, the right idea (of God). Apophatic!TheMadFool
  • An analysis of the shadows
    After its destruction he had it melted down and poured into the river, whence he forced the ppl to drink. The gold had been taken from the ears and off the necks of them, whence it had hung as vain adornment, before it was ever fashioned into an idol.

    ...it’s little different from the tale of Midas, who wished all he touched to be gold, then starved when the food he touched became inedible.
    Leghorn

    How very unfortunate. I guess Moses' point was nothing of this world could, was good enough or something else, represent/capture the perfection that is God, not even gold. God, even His simplest form, is beyond the grasp of even the best, intellectually and spiritually, among us. Moslems take that idea to a whole new level - fatwa or images of God. Not much of a choice there.

    The point then is simple: no idea of God one could imagine/conceive of is "not even wrong" (Wolfgang Pauli) No such thing is even a mistake which we could correct to arrive at the truth, the right idea (of God). Apophatic!
  • Razor Tongue
    My initial reaction to your post was :zip:

    Unsaid

    The term "unsaid" refers what is not explicitly stated, what is hidden and/or implied in the speech of an individual or a group of people.

    The unsaid may be the product of intimidation; of a mulling over of thought; or of bafflement in the face of the inexpressible.
    — Wikipedia
  • Razor Tongue
    Between what is said and not meant, and what is meant and not said, most of love is lost. — Khalil Gibran
  • An analysis of the shadows
    I'm not convinced that the idea of an immaterial being seems outlandish at all to many or most of those who haven't thought about it much (which is not say I think it necessarily should seem outlandish to have thought about it a lot)..

    Naively, many of us seem to imagine ourselves as immaterial beings who "have" or "inhabit" the body.
    Janus

    The immaterial, speculatively is perfectly normal of course but once you try to prove it, you begin to realize how crazy the idea is.
  • Razor Tongue
    Indeed, as babies, languageless, we are alien to a world that has thousands upon thousands of languages - from the chemical scents of ants to the poetry of Shakespeare. In essence, we come into this world as, even if not deaf or blind, mutes i.e. the first thing we have to "say" is nothing at all unless you consider a baby's first cry as symbolic, linguistically, of its innate understanding of what this world into which it's born will be like - suffering manifested in all its macabre glory - and so babies cry in anticipation of the pain it'll have to endure through life.

    So, two important facts about strangers (babies):

    1. They cry
    2. They're silent

    I offered a hypothesis as to why babies cry (acknowledgement of one of Buddhism's 4 noble truths viz. life is suffering) @schopenhauer1

    The question is why are they silent?
  • Razor Tongue
    What silence signifies depends on context.Ciceronianus

    The problem is silence is ambiguous - it, as you seem to be aware, sometimes means something and at other times means nothing. So, if no one is saying anything, either they're not saying anything or they are.
  • The important question of what understanding is.
    Extracting "almost" from those three sentences is a good example of something a computer couldn't do! If you asked a human to identify what the sentences have in common, they might say "they are all about people trying and failing". There's no "mapping" from those sentences to the word "almost", even for us.

    Your ideas are simplistic and naive.
    Daemon

    I'm surprised that you're ignoring important details in my examples that help you abstract the meaning of "almost". Also, try and use the word "almost" in some sentences and reason from them the pattern which the word refers to.
  • With any luck, you'll grow old
    In the last 10 years I've read more and better books than I had previously read in 20 years. Time, at last. And Amazon + the iPad.

    I like books that clearly explain how things came to be. So, How The Mountains Grew: A New Geological History of North America by John Dvorak is an excellent history of the planet from dust ball to what you walk around on now. A different area of explanation came from Barons of the Sea: and their race to build the world's fastest clipper ships by Steven Ujifusa. This was about the British/American/China trade in tea -- and illegal opium. Great fortunes were made in this trade, among them Warren Delano's--grandfather of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Speed in shipping mattered then, as now. One wanted to be the first into port with the narcotic (China) or tea (New York and London).

    This is all much more meaningful now than when I was in college. Geology 101 was a great course, but I hadn't seen much geology myself--beyond a low hills and river valleys. The most significant geological feature where I grew up was loess, dirt blown off the receding glaciers. I hadn't seen a Great Lake, an ocean, a mountains, or a canyon yet. Continental drift was a fairly new concept in 1965.

    The next book is Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America by David Fischer. The 'four seeds' were Puritans (East Anglia), Quakers (North midlands), Cavaliers (southern England) and the Scotch-Irish (borderlands and Ulster). From a Puritan POV, the Cavaliers and Scotch Irish were a liability, creating the slave-holding South and the troublesome Appalachians. The feeling about liabilities was and remains mostly mutual.

    The New England Puritans (liberal Yankees) and the Cavalier/Scotch Irish (southerners and Reagan Republicans) are still with us. I come from the upper-midwestern Yankee Land.

    The level of stupidity I inhabited when I started college was very deep. I think, believe, hope, and claim I've come a long way since then.
    Bitter Crank

    Truth is you come off as a very learned person and that's not all, you seem to have a knack for writing. A killer combination by all accounts. :up:

    This is correct

    Edit: I think the terms actual age or chronological age should be used rather than bodily age. It often refers to biological age, which is about how messed up your body is for your age.
    Vince

    :ok:

    IQ - A number representing a person's reasoning ability (measured using problem-solving tests) as compared to the statistical norm or average for their age, taken as 100.

    Using your formulation, I would become less intelligent as I got older, even if my mental acuity stayed the same.
    T Clark

    Not if you ensure your mind stays sharper than your coevals. Is this possible though? I'm not sure. Some say the brain shrinks as one ages.
  • True or False logic.
    1. Item number 2 is true
    2. The number of true statements in this list is not 3.
    3. Puppies are evil co-conspirators with aliens from Haley's comet secretly scheming to steal your precious bodily fluids.

    3 cannot be false; because if it is, 2 can neither be true nor false, and 1 be neither true nor false. That violates the principle of bivalence. Therefore, beware the puppies.
    InPitzotl

    1. True
    2. True
    3. False
  • The Inflation Reduction Act
    I feel like that's a very myopic quote.Count Timothy von Icarus

    I suppose so but why would anyone in his right mind say such a thing unless...there's a grain of truth in it.

    Plato and Aristotle didn't start being forgotten with the rise of Christianity; the process began soon after Aristotle's death. Stoicism and Epicureanism would come to overshadow them soon after, and while both certainly made contributions to philosophy and logic, I think it's fair to say things actually took a step back through antiquity. Plato doesn't come roaring back until he is reintroduced in a religious context himself, with Plotonius as a grand theologian / scholar. Point being, philosophy had already pricked it's finger back in the time of Alexander and only woke up in fits and starts. Hence most philosophy surveys barely skimming the years between Aristotle and Plotonius, then going back to sleep until Decartes- but that's centuries before the rise of Christianity.Count Timothy von Icarus

    Plato & Aristotle would probably have preferred to stay dead than be resurrected in Christian theology. Perhaps not! Who wouldn't like one's words, ideas, teachings rise to such prominence, even if only among closed-minded folks?

    To be fair, as regards the relationship between philosophy and religion, the outcome was a win-win: philosophy received some degree of patronage and survived long enough to make a comeback and religion acquired some semblance of rationality.


    Now there's a guy who has a place in the modern world (Ockham's razor). So, not all doom and gloom. Great!
  • What would happen if the internet went offline for 24hrs
    Carrington Event.180 Proof

    A solar storm of this magnitude occurring today would cause widespread electrical disruptions, blackouts, and damage due to extended outages of the electrical grid. The solar storm of 2012 was of similar magnitude, but it passed Earth's orbit without striking the planet, -missing by nine days — Carrington Event (Wikipedia)

    I can picture an asteroid missing the earth by, say, a coupla million kilometers but how does the earth miss something by nine days? Do solar storms occur patches i.e. are they restricted to certain regions of the earth's orbit and did the solar storm pass through part of the earth's orbit which earth entered nine days after the solar storm had passed by it? :chin:
  • True or False logic.
    A proposition being both true and false is a contradiction. I gave the example of how if x is a cat, it's impossible that x is not a cat (x is cat is true and x is a cat is false).
    — TheMadFool

    What if you talk about the evolutionary ancestors of cats? One researcher says that's already a cat, another says that's not a cat yet.
    SolarWind

    It's the sorites paradox.

    Between each ancestor-descendant pair there really is not much of a difference to deserve separate species categories but in the long run, over many generations, differences accumulate and amplify and a point is reached when species distinction becomes necessary.

    The researcher who claims that the forbears of cats are cats and the other researcher who makes the opposite claim are talking past each other - their meaning of "ancestor" is not the same. In the case of the former, the ancestor is exactly like the modern cat in physical and behavioral characteristics but in the latter's case, the ancestor is something else entirely.

    Not a true contradiction - a definitional issue at best, confusion at worst.
  • Coronavirus
    A thought experiment

    Imagine a person (X1) has a knife, one big enough to kill, he kills a person. Someone (X2) finds the murder weapon, the knife. X2 makes two copies of the knife and gives one to another dude (X3). X2 uses the knife to off a person and X3 does the same. A person (X4) finds the X2's knife and another chap (X5) finds X3's knife. The process of copying the knives each one of these murderers leave behind is reiterated and so are the murders. The question is: What killed these people? People or knives?
  • Do you dislike it when people purposely step on bugs?
    why is Hitler being used here?Caldwell

    Hitler is the bogeyman. If anything about you is, in any way, Hitlerish, you're f**ked!
  • An analysis of the shadows
    golden calfLeghorn

    Moses, was it Moses?, was extremely displeased by the calf and not at all, in any way, critical about the gold. He had the golden calf destroyed. What a pity.
  • Is anyone else concerned with the ubiquitous use of undefined terms in philosophical discourse?
    I admire brevity and concisenessjgill

    Brevity is the soul of wit!

    math personjgill

    In English: The sum of two thousand six hundred fifty-seven and two million nine hundred sixty-eight thousand two hundred eighteen is two million nine hundred seventy thousand eight hundred seventy-five.

    Character count: 190

    In math speak:

    Character count: 25
  • With any luck, you'll grow old
    I'm rather uncertain about this but I believe .

    So higher the IQ, your mind is, in a sense, older than your body and a low IQ indicates you're mentally immature.

    I mentioned this because the holy grail of philosophy is wisdom and that of medicine, in some ways, is eternal youth. Combine these two together and you have as a pragmatic goal high IQ. Go read books Bitter Crank old chap! Good luck! The same goes for everyone else too.

    We need our minds to age, we want our bodies to stay young. I guess whether aging is a curse/boon depends on what it is, the mind/the body, that's aging.
  • What would happen if the internet went offline for 24hrs
    To answer the OP's question, what would happen...if the internet crashes?, I'd say bedlam and chaos - think of every conceivable way you could have a bad day and it'll be actualized. No money, no food, no water, no electricity, no nothing! Where did I read that an internet shutdown would be like time travel - we'd all be sent back to, as I recall, the stone age.

    At the heart of every human enterprise these days there are two must-haves:

    1. (A) computer(s)
    2. An internet connection

    If the internet should fail, it would be as catastrophic as a world war!
  • What would happen if the internet went offline for 24hrs
    Hey here's a primer I wrote as part of my very first tech writing contract, way back in 2004 but most of the background info is still relevant. (This was written for a broadband communications company when everyone was first starting to get ADSL and cable connections, to provide background to end-users, support staff and sales channel.)
    10mReplyOptions
    Wayfarer

    Downloaded it for reading later. :up:

    Still quite in the dark about plan A and how & when it failed? It must have, why else plan B (the internet)? Perhaps the military top brass were worried about the whatever system (plan A) they were using - vulnerable in some way - and decided to transplant it, took their business elsewhere, onto a computer network à la Skynet (Terminator franchise).