The brain can't tell the difference between a self-generated world and an exogenous one. We almost always automatically believe the world that we are presented with, real or not. It appears that we are 'programmed' to believe in something, no matter what. — punos

I suppose there are many alternative worlds existing out there to believe in too. I asked ChatGPT for type of the alternative worlds available for us. So, the traditional earth bound world is not the only world existing out there. But then would you have to decide on which world is the real one, which are fake and bogus worlds?

Type of Alternative Worlds - from ChatGPT
"The concept of alternative worlds often appears in various contexts, including philosophy, science fiction, and speculative thought. Here are a few ways in which the idea of alternative worlds is explored:

1. **Multiverse Theory:**
In theoretical physics and cosmology, the multiverse hypothesis suggests the existence of multiple universes beyond our observable universe. These universes may have different physical constants, laws of physics, or even entirely different compositions.

2. **Parallel Universes:**
This idea is often explored in science fiction. The concept of parallel universes suggests the existence of multiple, coexisting realities that may differ slightly or significantly from our own. Choices made in one universe might lead to different outcomes in another.

3. **Alternate Realities and Dimensions:**
Some speculative theories propose the existence of alternate dimensions or realities that exist alongside our own. These dimensions might have different rules, properties, or even be entirely inaccessible to us.

4. **Philosophical Thought Experiments:**
Philosophers have often used thought experiments to explore the idea of alternative worlds. For example, the "possible worlds" theory suggests that there are many ways the world could be, and our reality is just one of those possibilities.

5. **Virtual Reality and Simulations:**
In the context of computer science and technology, the idea of simulated worlds or virtual realities explores the concept that our reality might be a constructed simulation rather than an independently existing, "real" world.

6. **Literature and Art:**
Many works of literature, film, and art explore alternative worlds as a creative and imaginative exercise. These worlds can serve as a backdrop for exploring different social, political, or existential themes.

Whether in the realms of science, philosophy, or fiction, the exploration of alternative worlds often serves as a means to question, understand, or escape the limitations of our own reality. It's a rich and diverse topic that spans multiple disciplines and continues to capture the human imagination." - ChatGPT

Ordinary observation. Or if you want a more formal word - empiric. — L'éléphant

Does that mean that when observation is not operational, do you stop believing in the existence of the world during the time of no observation? If you keep believing in the existence when the observation stopped, what is it that forces you into the belief?

Perception is conscious activity -- not in deep sleep. So, if you're asleep, you're not making a judgment like "I don't believe the cup exists when it's not in front of me." Let's settle on that. You're awake, and you're making a claim that you don't have a reason to believe an object exists when you're not looking at it. This is you admitting that you exist. — L'éléphant

How do you know the admission is true, not mistaken or unfounded? From whose point of view is the admission being performed, and proved?

This seems a very unfairly asymmetrical question. Why would someone need proof that it's not a dream, but not need proof that it is a dream? — flannel jesus

I think you are missing the point of the question. It was not about "someone need proof on his belief", but it was about asking "whether 180 proof had proof on his belief". The question was put forward for more detail only because of the fact that he kindly has responded to the OP with his initial answer.

No, I think that believing in the existence of the world, during deep sleep, is what turns pleasant dreams into nightmares. — Metaphysician Undercover

Can you control or decide what and how you dream during deep sleep? I thought it is impossible for one to control, think, decide in one's dream. Isn't the content of dream totally random in nature, and you have absolutely no control over it?

And believing in the world when one is dead seems to be impossible. — Metaphysician Undercover

hmmm... The problems of death seem still to be a mysterious topic. Are the dead totally really dead? I was under impression, they are dead physically, but might not be dead in soul. Might not be dead doesn't mean they are alive either. It just means we don't know.

For instance, I have some books on Kant, and when I see the books in my bookshelf, I feel still Kant is not dead. But he is dead. So he is both dead and not dead. When I take out one of his books, open it, and read it, really I feel he is alive and speaking in front of me standing at times. So when one is dead, is it a total death? or just a physical death? No one alive had been dead, so no one can verify on these points. And we are not even able to know the living others' minds. How could we suppose to know the dead's minds and their beliefs?

I can try to present some worries with that intuition if you would like. — Bob Ross

Interesting post from you Bob. :up: By all means, I do look forward to reading your further presentation on the points that you have in mind.

Is reason an activity that exists while nothing else does? Is that activity something that can be known without reference to beings? I doubt that. — Paine

I doubt it too. But reason is cunning enough to be able to speculate the non-existence of the world without it being part of the world, couldn't it?

For Hume, I think he put reason as "slave of passion", which cannot give us the absolute certainty on our demand of accurate knowledge. Wasn't he then falling into the sceptical arguments, and then concludes that the nature of human mind comes first, which forces us to believe in the external world? I am not sure if he meant it with all his true honesty. It sounded like he wanted to avoid trouble being an extreme sceptic at the time of history and the society he lived.

Others have responded to your question much better than I can but I would like to know what answer would you find satisfactory? — Captain Homicide

Your own opinions and views are most appreciated, but there is no reason why you shouldn't agree to, or follow the historical philosopher's views, ideas and systems, if that is what you do synchronise with in the ideology.

but as I said we have more reason to believe those things than that the universe is a simulation and everyone but you is a meat robot without actual sentience. — Captain Homicide

What is the "more reason" in detail that entail the belief?

Well, this notion of craving for self-sameness as nihilistic and life-denying is discussed by Nietzsche in terms of the ascetic ideal in his Genealogy of Morals. — Joshs

I was reading a paper on Nietzsche's metaphysics and epistemology last night, and apparently he was very much into Kant's TI in the beginning. The paper was saying that to Nietzsche, art was a form of perception, which gave him therapeutic comfort from the unbearable world.

Thank you! — RogueAI

:pray: :blush:

Cool. I know you saw mine, scattered in the two threads where this has come up. — Mww

:cool: :ok:

Apologies for not reading the thread and perhaps repeating what's already been said. As far as Im concerned, "the reason for believing in the exisrence of the world" is that there aren't any compelling grounds to doubt the existence of world. :smirk: — 180 Proof

No probs mate. But what is your proof that what you are seeing, and going through in your life is not a long vivid dream or some realistic illusion or hallucination?

I maintain there is reason to believe the world exists when I’m not perceiving it, which is all I ever meant to comment on. — Mww

Fair enough. All I wanted to see was the philosophical arguments for believing in the world when not perceiving it. But the peripheral arguments, perspectives, and information stemming from the main point too, are interesting and useful in learning, even the negative ones.

Sure, and one of the popular interpretations of QM is the Many Worlds Interpretation. I agree with Bernardo Kastrup that positing the existence of huge numbers of universes popping into existence all the time is a huge violation of Occam's Razor. Why don't the people who believe in the MWI just believe in idealism instead? — RogueAI

Good point. :chin:

That's funny, I've used Occam's Razor to come to the opposite conclusion: the simplest explanation to explain things like the Hard Problem of Consciousness, and the correct interpretation of QM is to assume matter doesn't exist. — RogueAI

Interesting you mentioned QM. In QM there are theories saying that some states, objects or entities only come to existence when observed externally.

A great post Count Tim. :up: Hegel is one of my favorite Philosophers. I will do some reading on him this week, and will get back to you after some mulling over on your points.

The first thought that occurred to me was: Why would we need a reason to believe the world exists? Reason suffers when such unreasonable demands are put on it. Such doubt only arises when reason is abstracted and treated as if it were independent from our being in the world. — Fooloso4

The OP was not claiming the world doesn't exist. It was seeking the reason for your believing in the world when not perceiving it. Reason is not a being of its own. It is rational methodology of thought.

Nietzsche believed any attempt to nail down truth as a repeatedly producible self-same thing, foundation, ground or telos, destroys meaning and value. — Joshs

Any relevant quotes on that point from Nietzsche?

Gravity is a constant reminder. Biology never turns off. These worldly constants are always in our perceptual space and can never be not perceived. — NOS4A2

But they are not exactly what we call perceptions in epistemic sense, are they?

If fact, what you seem to be getting at goes way beyond Berkley or Kant or any other idealist. Very few of them say that the world does not exist if we are not perceiving it. They take it for granted. — Manuel

Wasn't Berkeley an idealist who believed the external world doesn't exist at all? I understood that Idealists believe the world is perception, and there is no material existence in the world at all. I am not sure if Kant was an idealist. Wasn't he a dualist, and realist in the sense that he thinks that the external objects enter into our sensibility for us to perceive them. We can perceive the objects which are in our senses, but there are objects that are not in our senses, which we don't know or perceive, but do exist (Thing-in-Itself).

I am not denying any existence or the world, or anything like that. I was simply asking (the OP) what is your reason to believe in the existence of the world when not perceiving it?

So, this question of proof could be asked of your proposal. What is self-evidently given such that it provides the grounds for believing or not believing our experiences? Upon what grounds is your doubt more than a subtraction from what is given to you? — Paine

Isn't doubting part of reasoning? Isn't it natural for reason to doubt when there is not enough evidence or ground in believing something?

Indeed, you have.

I am confident that you turn off the gas and lock the door before bed, just in case untoward things happen while you are asleep.

In that way, your account is an affectation. — Banno

You are the one who crashed into this thread with the pendulum claiming untrue statements without even knowing what the point of the discussion was. Please read your posts again. It really seems like a serious case of projection defence.

Yes, it is interesting topics to engage the discussion in philosophically. It can make the whole thread look like sceptical discussion at times, but it is not really. It depends on at what angle of point we are looking from.

Frankly this thread is a manifestation of ↪Ciceronianus's question concerning affectation. — Banno

Stretching it too far. Hope it is not your projection defence mechanism activation.

hmmm the discussion was neither about the earth rotation nor the pendulum. It was about the logical ground of belief in the existence of the world.
But the moment and I was talking, it was about the actual earth we all are standing, sitting and lying on, not the pendulum.

As I pointed out, your philosophy protects itself against counter examples. But we can trace back the thread of this conversation. — Banno

You suddenly brought the pendulum into the discussion out of the blue saying that, I was not paying attention, and it is problem. And I was just saying, No, that is not the case, and explained the situation logically. :)

Yes, things in the external world change, disappear, and new objects appear on the earth.  It is the reality, but we may not perceive them directly or realistically because they may be happening slowly, or while we are away to some other parts of the world etc.

But the OP is not about the actual existence of the world itself, but it is more about our reasoning for believing in the existence of the world.

Why do we believe in something that we are not seeing?  Would it be the memories, imagination or intuition or indeed logical reasoning that make us believe in the existence of the world?

There are many cases where when we don't perceive something, we immediately stop believing in their existence.  it is about trying to find out what are your reasons to believe the existence of the world or objects when not perceiving them.

I will tell you my personal story. I went to a house that I used to live in when I was a young child.  I have not been in that area for many years.  One time I was near the area for some other work to do, and thought about the house and the little alley way that I used to play with other guys in there. I was nostalgic of the time, and was actually going to the house and the wee alleyways, and see how it would be after so many years. 

 I still believed that the house would still be there, but I was not sure. When I actually went there, the house had gone along with all the houses nearby, and there was no more the little alleyway that we used to play in.  They demolished the whole area, and built gigantic shopping centre buildings all along, and I could not find the old house or anything similar to it anywhere near it. 

 My belief in the existence of the old house was proved wrong.  I thought to myself, well I should have no ground in believing what I am not perceiving in the world, and that is a rational and coherent way to think.

You seem to have habit of confusing tools with the object to be observed. Anyhow we were not talking about the pendulum at all, but the visual unobservability of the actual earth rotating round directly while being located on the earth.

Please read the relating posts again. was saying he couldn't observe the earth rotating round while he was asleep / not perceiving. I said he is not supposed to, as it is natural not able to observe the earth rotating around while sitting on any point an earth visually.

Does it sound like we were talking about the pendulum? It had nothing to do with morals or refutations either. It was just a simple reminding.

Your body still perceives the world in sleep, in fact your dreams can be lead on by nouns in the real world. The fact that many a thing can stir a person from their sleep is proof that even your unconscious body KNOWS something is occurring. — Vaskane

Really? Fascinating. Thank you for your effort writing the substantial post on Nietzsche in conjunction with the topic. I have not been reading him for a while, but will get back to it sometime in the near future for sure. I think he is a great writer.

Yeah, you can, from anywhere you can see a Foucault pendulum.

See, trouble is, you are not paying attention. — Banno

You are confused again between the actual earth and the pendulum. :roll:

"It is still the case that you have mediate reason to believe a priori, in the existence of the world, iff you’ve a set of cognitions from antecedent perceptions." -
When you said that, it sounded like you were treating a priori and the existence of the world as the same league of perceptual knowledge. But you are denying it, putting them as "irrelevant.


"in the existence of the world, iff you’ve a set of cognitions from antecedent perceptions."
Yes, they have similar meaning, in which case implying memory? No?

"For the metaphysical philosopher, perception is mere appearance, an as-yet undetermined effect on physiology by something, and from which there is no memory as a determined thing
The visual memory content is also appearance? No? If you see the images from your past events in your memory, are they not perceptual contents?

"Every belief is justified, and no empirical knowledge is infallible, so it would seem memory drops out of consideration for either. A priori knowledge, on the other hand, is infallible, but does not obtain its certainty from memories of things, but from the necessity of principles."
There are unjustified or groundless beliefs too as well as justified ones? No empirical knowledge is infallible? Again there is infallible empirical knowledge too? - such as I have hands (waving, seeing and verifying)? What would be some examples of infallible a priori knowledge? Folks like Kripke have denied validity of a priori knowledge saying that all knowledge is a posteriori. Even all the mathematical knowledge is acquired by experiential learning.


"But we’re talking about believing in the existence of the world, which already presupposes it. We should be discussing belief in the continuation of such existence, rather than existence itself."
But isn't there also the possibility that all your past perception of the existence of the world could be an illusion? Why should you rely on the past memory of the world in order to perceive the present world's existence? Does existence have to be always continuing - for how long? Surely existence could be temporary, momentary and fleeting?

"In which case, we shall always disagree, in that you are doing empirical anthropology and I’m doing cognitive metaphysics. This irreconcilable dichotomy reduces to the impossibility for qualitative judgements such as meaningful and trouble-free life, being derivable from ontological predicates, such as existence."
That points were for the folks who were asking for the point in asking the questions on the reasons for the existence of the world. Just to say, it might not be all meaningless task if the pragmatic points are what they are drawing values and points from any activities.

"….then you are not driving the car. You’re merely the payload in a projectile."
My point was why do you believe in the existence of the world when you are not perceiving it, but you would stop driving a car, when you don't perceive the road ahead of you.

Uhh... I'm not sure about that. Unless the proof started with:

"Let there be astronomical observations equivalent with the empirical observations we have made.... — Count Timothy von Icarus

You cannot observe the earth rotating around visually sitting on any point on the earth. :)

So, your own example is an argument against your own OP. — Manuel

My example was against your point that you would rather take a more supported and seeming option rather than a less supported and unlikely option. The OP was asking what your reasons to believe in the existence of the world are, while not perceiving it.

Maybe the Earth only turns round when we look at said evidence and is flat the rest of the time? :nerd: — Count Timothy von Icarus

That sounds like a statement from misunderstanding existence from motion.
Anyway, the earth rotating the Sun was purely found out by the Mathematical deduction, not empirical observation.

Hume is saying that reason does not do that acceptance in the sense of a series of formal statements or a priori set of conditions. The belief in the world's existence is prior to any doubt. — Paine

Could you prove why the belief in the world's existence is prior to any doubt on behalf of Hume? Do you believe he is justified in saying that? i.e. why reason doesn't do that acceptance in the series of formal statements or a priori set of conditions - I think we need detailed elaboration on this assertion.

Wouldn't it be like saying that the earth looks more flat than round, so it must be flat. It looks like the Sun is rotating the earth, so the Sun is rotating around the earth?
This was what the ancient and the medieval people believed and supported, and anyone saying against it was punished by law too.

But it has been turned around by Copernicus and Galileo totally and incredibly. So what looks seemingly like the case, and supported by the majority is not always the truth.

Hume would say that you are looking through the wrong end of the telescope when demanding a warrant for accepting the existence of the world: — Paine

I wasn't demanding a warrant for accepting the existence of the world, but was asking the reasons for your accepting the existence of the world. i.e. Why do you believe the world exists, when you are not perceiving it?

Rather, he considered that quest a nihilistic aim, an attempt to stifle and freeze living becoming. — Joshs

"a nihilistic aim"? Doesn't it sounds like a contradiction? When nihilist has aim, doesn't he stop being a nihilist? What was the reasons for him doing that?

The world ( including the ‘I’) would be a meaningless series of isolated ‘nows’ with no sensible content. Your belief in the ‘simultaneous’ world around you while typing, and your belief in your own immediate existence, is no more justifiable that the belief in anything else. — Joshs

I have read about this from a neurology paper, and was agreeing to its point fully. But then my memory is vivid and fresh enough to catch up that momentary pasts and render into the legitimate perception. In that sense there are the parts of memory which could be regarded as perception. It is only when long time interval has passed, the contents of memory goes stale or fade away resulting in total loss of the past cognitive perception.

On the other hand, one could argue that what is irreducibly valid is the temporal structure of retention, the present, and anticipation, forming a moving zero point of perception. We could call this zero point a transcendental ego. — Joshs

This sound like the mental state some Buddhists try to achieve in their meditation practices. I read that they try to achieve selfless mental state by focusing on the internal concepts or the teachings of Buddha in the text.

The link I posted below comes from an essay that has never been published, sadly. I don't understand why because it seems so interesting what Kelley Ross post there, and didactic with examples and explanation. — javi2541997

I think it is a quite good article on Kant. Lately I wanted to read some new and different commentaries and views on Kant, instead of the traditional interpretations on him. Seemingly there are hundreds and thousands of commentaries and papers on Kant's philosophy from the time after Kant's death to even now. It just tells us how influential his philosophy has been.

Regrading this question, Kelley Ross states: The question then is why the thing in itself remains in the theory. To subsequent generations it has seemed that Kant ends up with a precarious, paradoxical, and perhaps even incoherent dualism between things in themselves and the phenomenal objects produced by synthesis. The thought here, however, is that Kant was right to retain his dualism. It is one indication of how delicate is Kant's balancing act in the equation of "transcendental idealism" and "empirical realism" that it is the "realism" of the latter that even those sympathetic with Kant have trouble taking seriously. — javi2541997

It seems an interesting view on Kant. I am not an expert on Kant myself, but am interested in learning more on his philosophy with on-going readings and discussions on the topics.

Honestly though, this is the kind of "philosophy" that feels affectatious. Loaded question that doesn't lead to any real wisdom. — Vaskane

But didn't even Neitzsche believed that the ultimate knowledge of the true reality was impossible to achieve? In that sense, wasn't he also a sceptic? Although his Philosophy is more tuned for Value, Freedom and Taste oriented, would you not agree that you can only come to true value, freedom and taste via the true knowledge? In that sense, you must define what truth is, and also have the verified ground for your belief that your knowledge of the world is free from error, prejudice and uncertainty?

Not perceiving the world would require you to be rid of ALL of your experiences of it. Even when an artist is between the Apollonian dreamland and the Dionysian intoxication, and they are freed from all the contradictions inside of themselves during their creative passions, they too still perceive the world, while in the zone of their own universe. — Vaskane

How do you prove that the artist is not dreaming or imagining on the contradictions, perceived world and universe?

You can only stop perceiving the world in death alone, so yeah, you stop believing then too because you're dead — Vaskane

But you don't have to die to stop perceiving the world or not to have any reason to believe in the existence of the world. You can have a good night sleep instead of death, and you can have all that with some sweet dreams as bonus while in sleep too. Death sounds too morbid and needless if you are not 100++ years old yet, doesn't it?