The subject of Nietzsche & Hitler is too broad unless you have quite a bit of time to prepare and talk.

Adolph Hitler did not invent antisemitism -- it was in the European air, more here, less there; encouraged here, tolerated there, suppressed elsewhere. Antisemitism is a key piece of Nazi thinking; how does it figure in Nietzsche's thinking?

Hitler doesn't compare well to Nietzsche as a thinker. I don't know a lot about Nietzsche; I know more about Hitler, and I wouldn't describe him as any sort of systematic thinker.

One of the reasons why the Nazis decided to kill all the Jews was a critical food shortage. The Jews were characterized as "useless eaters". Getting rid of several million of the "useless eaters" helped ease up the food situation for a while.

Germany suffered a severe labor shortage, and they needed to pressgang several million workers from other countries in Europe to meet production goals, and these extra laborers had to be fed if they were going to work. Did it make sense to be killing several million Jews, many of whom could have worked in factories, to save food while importing several million workers who needed to be fed? No. It's completely irrational.

Hitler, as the embodiment of the fuhrer principle, wasn't the only decision maker, but his decisions carried more weight than anybody else's. In order to compare Hitler and Nietzsche, you would need to isolate Hitler the man and thinker (such as he was) from Hitler-and-the-Nazi-party. That would be a difficult and time-consuming project.

Any thoughts welcome — Wallows

I don't follow, Wallow. I stick to the shallows.
Drums sound good because they are hollow.
Be careful what you swallow.
Even great minds can choke on marshmallows.
The spokes boy looks like a fellow who's callow.
Perhaps they will all hang from the gallows.
If you can't stand the darkness; light a stick of tallow.

Prolly a good idea if I shut up now and just lay low.

Hence to understand the word, one must read the sentence.
To understand the sentence one must read the paragraph.
To understand the paragraph one must read the chapter.
To understand the chapter one must read the book.
To understand the book, one must know the society/culture it was written in.
To understand the society/culture one must know it's circumstances like:
existence in time, geographical location and (pre)history.

All those are minimum requirements in order to understand them in an even greater context like the devine. — Tomseltje

Your method is sound. So sound, it's foundational.

But... you say "minimum requirements". What more can one do to determine the meaning that a divinity may or may not have expressed? Some divinities (Jesus, Buddha...) were present here as men, so we can apply your method to what they had to say. God almighty? I don't quite know how to get more certainty from him, her, it, them.

There is just no way that a text, no matter how well written, could convey the minds of people or supernatural entities that lived thousands of years ago. Or in the XXI century. — DiegoT

True enough; I can't experience your consciousness, but I can sample it by way of your words, physical expression, emotive affect, and so on. Even people who have lived together for decades are up against the brick wall of the skull inside of which consciousness takes place. Separate the person and his words by 2 or 3 thousand years, and Tomseltje's method is the most one can do.

As for the thoughts of divinities, well... Supposing divinities exist, they don't operate printing presses where their words flow from the mind of the gods onto paper for our edification. They are expressed through persons in particular times and places. One would think that all powerful deities could set up a printing works. After all, their highly fallible finite fickle followers manage to do that with aplomb. Fortress Publishing for Lutherans, Cokesbury Press for Methodists, etc.

That happens quite a lot. But it wasn't my wisdom; I was just quoting. There are people here who do not like biblical quotes. I can't blame them (considering what gets quoted most often) but when the topic is the Bible, it's hard to avoid quoting it.

May your posts always find positive response (or at least interesting negative response).

Matter over Mind — Mind Dough

Suppose you didn't juxtapose matter and mind in that way? Suppose you just said, "Matter and mind." If consciousness arises and exists in the material brain, then the two are on equal footing (as far as brains and minds go).

What we do not understand is how material (neurons, molecules, atoms, etc.) arranged in a very dynamic and complex network produces mind. We are, however, working on it. C. elegans has about 960 cells in its body. some of them are neurons. With only 960 cells to deal with (of which maybe 150 to 200 are neurons) we can study neurons and their various works more closely. The brain has something like 100 billion cells. Even mice have more cells than we can easily observe and chart. But... we're working on it.

I can't observe your consciousness directly, and I can't be objective about my own, so... sure. There is a problem there. But from zillions of hours of conversation and interaction among ourselves, we can gather that most people's brains, minds, and consciousnesses are very similar. If they were not similar it would be very difficult for us to make sense of each other. But we can -- at least most of the time. (Granted, there are people who have never made sense, but that's another story.)

Who we are is the sum total of our genetic inheritance and our experiences. Yes, that's a lot to make sense of, but it isn't as if we have no idea how we became who we individually are. People like me born in the rural midwest (USA) to a relatively poor family have different kinds of experience than people born in Manhattan to quite rich, highly cultured families with high expectations. We all know that some of what we are owes to chance. Had your highly influential 6th grade teacher been run over by a truck when you were still in the 5th grade, things would have turned out slightly differently.

And so on...

I'm not suggesting that we are cut and dried, and that there is no mystery about how we exist in the world. But if mind is material, then there is a likelihood that we can, at some point, understand how mind is created and operates.

By the way, I'd just as soon you not put cats and chocolate cake in the same sentence. Doing so gives me the image of a cat getting hair all over the cake's frosting. and maybe walking on it to boot.

Graffiti on a fence in Madison, Wisconsin... many years ago:
"What is mind?"
"Never matter."
"What is matter?
"Never mind."

Thank you for your exhaustive answer to my question about "Faustian". You exhibit a very Faustian Urge in your study of Spengler, Nietzsche, et al. I haven't read Goethe's Faust; I did read Marlowe's Faust, but that was 50 odd years ago, probably during a summer term class on Shakespeare. What I remember about it isn't worth mention.

But WHO precisely, are these people ? Are their "primary emotions" different from those of humans from other cultures? If they are, then why is this this case? — johnGould

This is the key question in our discussion of Western Civilization. On the one hand I am hesitant to embrace the idea that Western people, personified by Europeans and North Americans, are fundamentally different than African or Asian people. On the other hand, there are clear cultural differences among peoples. The Chinese culture is clearly capable of producing high achievement-oriented individuals, but collective effort (emphasizing community over individual) seems to be a hallmark of that culture. African cultures (from what little I know of it) did not produce much in the way of large scale projects or batches of high-achievement individuals--outside of Egypt. Western hemispheric aboriginal people exercised extensive dominance over the landscape, and at least between northern South America and Central North America built some outstandingly large projects over an extended period of time.

Let me cite again Jared Diamond's theory that geographical determinism had a lot to do with which people dominated which territory and how. The Indo-European and East Asian cultural areas came to dominate the world because geography favored the development of high energy crops (grains and animals), and provided this part of this world with two huge assets not available in Africa or the Americas: an animal appropriate for domestication (then traction and transportation)--the horse--and thus the wherewithal to further exploit resources.

Africa and the Americas had no animals suitable for traction and transportation, and agricultural gains simply don't move very well between north and south--because highly desirable plants are hard to adapt to the N-S climate changes. It's much easier to move agriculture and cultural development east and west--which is what happened across the Eurasian continent.

The spread of agriculture, horse power, metal technology, etc. presumably came before the establishment of cultural characteristics -- like the Faustian personality. The European peoples are the product of a demographic mixmaster that was at work well before the Roman Empire stirred things up even more.

By the time of Augustus some of the major population movements were finished. The Scandinavians were largely in place and would stay where they were. Some of the Germanic and Celtic people were also settled, and would stay put for some time (until the later days of the Empire). There was quite a bit of population movement after the Empire, and some of it during the late medieval - early modern period, mostly affecting eastern Europe.

Some people claim Classical Greece as the source of the western personality (basically your Faustian type) and some claim the Vikings. It would seem like the hardly-laid-back Romans would figure into this somewhere. Christianity is given credit too in various quarters.

Whatever it was, it would appear that individualism, a respect for the individual person, was a key factor. Every human strives for individual survival, but not every culture rates individual achievement as paramount. Western culture did, at least for some layers of the society, and here we are, for better or worse.

I would like to have the Faustian capacity to review Western Civilization back to its earliest roots and trace all the various contributing factors that produced our unique characteristics. While I'm at it, I might as well do the same thing for Asian, African, and Amerindian cultures -- and publish it all in one big fat book that would leave the intellectual community gasping in awe. Alas, the world is safe from this epiphany. It was never going to happen.

The western personality now seems to have become a global personality. China recently landed a vehicle on the far side of the moon. (Why didn't we do more on the moon? My impression is that Kennedy's challenge to land a man on the moon within the decade was motivated by competition with the USSR. We had to prove ourselves superior (after missing the boat on satellites). We did, and there didn't seem to be anything about the moon that was of financial interest.) Maybe the Chinese will find something of more interest.

I'm not certain of specific things such as my parents' everlasting love for me — Joker25

Past performance is the best predictor of future performance, but as the investment disclaimers say, "Your results may vary". So, your parents' past love is predictive of their future love. I am quite sure that if you were to try very hard and persistently, you could probably put a stop to their love. And anyway, their love for you can't be everlasting, since they will not exist forever, and neither will you (or me).

In a nutshell, the answer to your question "Is it possible to be certain about the future?" is no.

In cheap, machine generated book reviews (it seems like that, anyway) the text will say, "... changed the world forever"; or "After that, she was never the same". As Eric Vuillard says, "We never fall into the same abyss twice" after Heraclitus, "We never step into the same river twice". It isn't that the future is just too quirky to predict. It's that the present is always changing as it becomes the future, and therefore we can not be 100% sure of what will happen next, never mind what will happen a year, a decade, a century, or a millennium from now.

Anything changing changes the world forever, if you look at things close enough. If you drop a cup and it breaks, the world is ever so slightly changed, and it stays changed. On a larger scale, we have added many billions of tons of CO2 to the atmosphere, and we continue to add more. Some things about the future that once seemed secure (the future of agriculture in North America or India) now seem doubtful if we project climate trends a ways. The changes of the past and the present time will remain forever. Even if you fix the broken cup, even if CO2 was reduced to pre-industrial levels, the world will still have been changed.

Does that make sense to you?

If this "once around world" is depressing, then reincarnation is a horror.

I have for some time thought that Athiesm is not just the denial of god, like the denial of the property red, but rather the absence of thinking of the color red, not thinking of a god. Maybe there is another term for this, with a definition more fitting than Atheism. — Josh Alfred

A classics professor said "Magic is religion one doesn't believe in; religion is magic one does believe."

I do not know (no evidence either way) that ancient people (I'd put the marker for "ancient" at a minimum of 10,000 years ago) did or did not believe in gods. If they did not believe in gods, "atheism" doesn't seem like the appropriate term because "the gods -- present or absent" would be pre-cognitive.

"magic" seems like preliminary to religious ideas. My guess is that magic came before religion and was a belief in the remarkable characteristics of things and substances, rather than a belief in a god. How ancient people perceived electric storms, earthquakes, the tides, phases of the moon, sunrise and sunset, seasons, sickness, death... I don't know, and nobody else does either, because they were way-pre-literate. One could look at the records collected about extant hunter-gatherer people for some clues (but only clues, not extensive proof).

I don't feel like reading a book about ancient atheism at the moment, but the publisher's description of Tim Whitmarsh, Battling the Gods: Atheism in the Ancient World. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2015 says among other things

... Homer’s epic poems of human striving, journeying, and passion were ancient Greece’s only “sacred texts,” but no ancient Greek thought twice about questioning or mocking his stories of the gods. Priests were functionaries rather than sources of moral or cosmological wisdom. The absence of centralized religious authority made for an extraordinary variety of perspectives on sacred matters, from the devotional to the atheos, or “godless" ...

So, it sounds more like "anything goes" than "atheism" per se. From what I've read of the Greek gods, they were quite mockable, even if one believed in them. At least in some narratives there was nothing austere and distant about them.

But we don't have a lot of documents from the ancient world and most of what one can say about the ancient world is going to rest on slender supports. Further, this book is about Greece -- not the Egyptians, not the Babylonians, not the Etruscans, et al.

Before we believed in Gods - if there was such a time? - we would not have thought of Gods, so we would have the "absence of thinking of" Gods that you surmise. — Pattern-chaser

I agree. It's like finding disbelievers in quantum mechanics back in the 17th century. If it didn't exist yet, how could there be disbelief?

Anyway, we can't talk about belief or disbelief without some sort of evidence. Prior to writing there is only "object evidence" and we don't know what those objects, like the "Willendorf Venus", meant to their creators. Maybe it was magic, maybe it was religion, maybe it was art, maybe it was... who the hell knows? Archeologists famously assume a religious function for anything that isn't otherwise clear.

It is certainly possible that that some people in the ancient world (3000 years ago) did not believe in the gods, but how much evidence do we have for their non-theism? The linked article didn't really say much.

It seems like the monotheists in the ancient world were mostly offended by people believing in other gods (Baal, for instance) rather than being offended by people who believed in no gods.

I haven't read it, but Catherine Nixey wrote The Darkening Age: The Christian Destruction of the Classical World. The Christians and 2000 years haven't left much for us. Is there evidence cropping up about atheism in the ancient world?

What I respond to most enthusiastically when I read the Bible or other religious works (Christian or other) are general principles that I can understand and carry with me and apply according to whatever dim wisdom I have. So, Micah: "Do Justice, love mercy." Jesus, "Love one another as I have loved you." Heraclitus on change: "You can not step in the same river twice" (lots of sages said similar things -- change is the only constant). St. Catherine of Siena: "All the way to heaven is heaven" (the process is the end).

The best we can do during our short lives in our benighted world is take care of one another as well as we can. The best we can do will not get one into heaven (which I doubt exists); it will not earn us special treatment after death (the dead stay dead); and we may get no thanks for our efforts -- but that is still what we should try to do.

Nils Loc, 1-4-19 in "The Future Of Fantasy"

"The only virtual world is the actual world."

Your pithy post was put in The Philosophy Forum Quote Cabinet.

North Korea doesn't pose a credible threat — Tzeentch

NK doesn't pose all that much of a threat to the United States, but nukes or not, it poses a huge threat to South Korea. Seoul is about 9 million+, and is located very close to NK's concentration of conventional arms. We can't neutralize those conventional arms with a nuke without wrecking much of Seoul in the process. Should NK decide to attack SK even with conventional weapons, it would be bad for SK, us, and the world -- because of the possibility of a war getting out of hand -- even a conventional war.

I'd bet on Pakistan as a nuker before NK. Pakistan has the added advantage (in this bet) of being unstable. NK seems to be under tight control. That could change rapidly, but I don't think there are NKs anxious to seize the few nuclear weapons they have and attack Japan or SK. There probably are several factions in Pakistan that would like to attack India, for example, and factions in India who would be delighted to have an excuse to wipe out Pakistan.

Then there is Israel which might, if it were sufficiently beleaguered, decide to protect its future with a few well-placed nukes.

One thing about Trump and his nuking NK: I am not sure the military would obey a command to launch nuclear weapons on North Korea.

You want to have an ethical conversation, with you being the moral authority. Everything else is discarded. — Jake

Chatterbears nailed.

an essentially unreal character in my experience. — Jake

You know, come to think of it, people do tell me to "get real" quite often. Maybe I am virtual, unreal. It seems like that some days.

You're right in that the more powerful the coming technology is the more it will become another tool in the process of funneling money and power from the middle and lower classes up the chain to those who are already rich. This is a sobering reality for sure. — Jake

As Marx noted, the nature of culture follows the curve of material production. We are talking about virtual reality because material production (in the form of television programs and film) are able to depict virtual reality (Matrix, the holodeck, Q and the Continuum (2nd generation Star Trek character, etc). But depicting virtual reality isn't virtual reality.

Facebook, Amazon, and Google didn't produce wealth by the multi-billion truckload because people just loved bloviating the details of their personal lives to the world, looking at stuff and seeing it appear on their front step (Sears and Wards starting doing that 125 years ago) or getting answers to everything from Google Search. Facebook, Amazon, and Google were engineered to make money by offering bait for what really produces earnings: advertising and buying stuff. Facebook, Amazon, Google, and thousands of other tech companies started out fairly small, had to struggle to find their market and exploit it (like, from a few college students to 1/7th of the global population for Facebook).

The use of VR and 3D printing together has great potential. 1st person immersion helps with design. — Nils Loc

Absolutely, first person immersion helps with design. I imagine that was true for the ancient ivory carver who created the "Venus" figurine 35,000 years ago, found near Willnedorf, Austria, or whoever carved the Venus de Milo, or Jackson Pollock dribbling paint on canvas. Adding a 3D printer and a virtual reality app to one's gear isn't "virtual" anything. The term "virtual reality" is leading people around by the nose. It's one more example (among trillions of examples) of us believing our own bullshit.

Has our grip on reality become so loose that we think the hardness of reality can just be waved away and EDIT: depicted performed or inhabited however we see fit? I hope we have not lost our grip to that extent.

I read an interesting book about your part of the world (northern Florida?) -- Illumination in the Flatwoods: A Season with the Wild Turkey by Joe Hutto. Hutto hatched a batch of wild turkey eggs and raised the chicks which had been imprinted on him. He spent most of a year with the turkeys, all day, on many days. Great book.

There are of course needs of the body which presumably can't be met in the digital realm (the subject of bathrooms was never addressed in the Holodeck — Jake

The needs of the body weren't dealt with on any deck of the Enterprise, never mind the holodeck. Do you recollect seeing a urinal in any Star Trek episode? I was shocked when someone actually washed their hands in a sink. Did anyone ever vomit in an episode? People didn't even bleed, in most cases. Picard ordered many cups of Earl Gray tea from the replicator but rarely did he (appear to) take more than one sip.

The holodeck was more than a hologram. It had physically resistant topography, features, furniture, and forces. It was way pass virtual reality and was weird reality (except for the protections which somehow prevented things from getting out of hand -- until the protections failed, which they did regularly).

Virtual reality is going to have to figure out how to provide solidity to objects that do not exist. Nice trick, that.

While it's nice to fantasize about the future of fantasy and virtual reality, let us remember that you aren't going to get so much as a cheaply printed comic book for free, let alone an hour on the holodeck of the future.

Chickens and Eggs:

What came first? e-mail, cell phones, FaceBook, et al infected people with the coolness of avoiding face-to-face contact, or people were relieved when e-mail, cellphones, and FaceBook et al rescued people from the dreary necessity of face to face contact?

I'm prejudiced here. I think it was chickens.

Since writing, paper, and post offices made it possible to communicate reasonably well over distance and time, people have availed themselves of mail. The telegraph and telephone added something that was faster and more personal than mail. Recorded sound, film, radio, and television are all fantasy-stoking media, and have been since they were invented. The Internet and WWW, browsers, broadband, etc. merged all previous media into products that could be sold on small screens.

No media, no device, and no corporation selling media and devices was called into existence by customer demand. Entrepreneurs (like Steve Jobs, Bill Gates, Sergey Brin, Jeff Bezos, and Mark Zuckerberg, et al) created devices and media and sold them to the public at enormous profit. So much so that Jeff Bezos (Amazon) is the richest man on earth.

Media is a business; devices are a business; fantasy is a business. You aren't going to get it for free.

Just as people had to learn how to use and NEED telegraphy, telephones, recorded sound, cameras, film, radio, television, and computers, they have had to learn how to use and NEED the current batch of media and gadgets. Some of us are more suckers for the blandishments of corporation marketing messages than others.

There are Biblical verses one hears a lot because they are part of liturgy, or because they are repeated frequently (like Psalm 23). There are some verses I don't hear in liturgy and they aren't repeated all that often like Micah 6:8: Do Justice, love mercy, and walk humbly with God.

Ecclesiastes 9:4 ... to him that is joined to all the living there is hope: for a living dog is better than a dead lion.

Ecclesiastes 9:9-9:11

Live joyfully with the wife whom thou lovest all the days of the life of thy futility, which he hath given thee under the sun, all the days of thy futility: for that is thy portion in this life, and in thy labour which thou takest under the sun.

Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might; for there is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in the grave, whither thou goest.

I returned, and saw under the sun, that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of understanding, nor yet favour to men of skill; but time and chance happeneth to them all.

Ecclesiastes seems to me to be quite unlike much of scripture in that it emphasizes the futility of existence. Enjoy life, because that's all there is, and in the end there is the grave where there is nothing. The best do not win. The wise are not rewarded. Life is futility.

Pairing the Micah and Ecclesiastes verses one gets "You only have this life in which to do justice, love tenderly, and keep God company. This one life is not a dress-rehearsal; it is the main, and only event. So, mortal, if you are going to do justice, love mercy, and keep god company, you had best get on with it.

Life may be futile for God too. Hosea was ordered to marry a prostitute who, after the marriage, continued to behave like a whore. What is the point of this exercise, a frustrated Hosea asks. God says that being the God of Israel is a lot like being married to a whore--extremely disappointing.

They say the medical profession has the highest rates of suicide. — TheMadFool

Several professions claim to have the highest rate of suicide; it's a contest, I guess. But how do we identify and count all these suicides? From obituaries? From life insurance companies? From anecdotal reports? From police reports? What?

What is the cause for all these suicides? Is it the gap between ideals and reality? Financial pressures? Something inherent in highly ambitious people? Maybe they are insufficiently prepared to deal with life's ingravescent inimicalities? I don't know.

I doubt that doctors are especially prone to suicide. As how to doctors do it... they should know more than anybody else how to do it -- and they have the means at hand -- drugs, sharp objects, etc.

As one of my old psych profs said (back in the antediluvian 1960s, "Want to is more important than IQ." This prof had been a professor for decades on the basis of a faked PhD. Unfortunately, his novel approach to scholarship was revealed later on and he died in some sort of disgrace. I thought he was a good teacher.

Intelligence is a good thing, of course, but so is stick-to-it-ivness, ambition, imagination, and planning. People tend to get smarter as they get older, in some cases, at least. Some people start getting dumber at about 30, give or take a few years, and by the time they are 50 or 60 they idiots. But if you work at it consistently (have curiosity, read widely, remember useful information and think about it), don't fry your brain with too many drugs or too much alcohol, don't hit your head on concrete too hard or too often, don't consume too much cultural crap, you tend to "get smarter".

Intelligence has never meant the certainty of being a huge success--making millions of dollars, becoming world famous, chased by crowds of screaming women (like screaming with excitement and lust, not #me2 screaming for blood), or getting elected president (we now know one can be a complete imbecile and be president).

Are they practicing a noble profession or is it just another job? — Wallows

It's an elite profession requiring successive successful leaps over significant hurdles. Becoming a doctor is expensive, very time consuming, and difficult (in a variety of ways). The rewards vary from modest to excessive. Most people, irrespective of their noble intentions, can not afford to become doctors.

If you take a big-picture view of progress it isn't medicine and surgery that have brought about the greatest gains in quality of life. What has made the most difference in quality of life is the work of farmers and civil engineering. More and better food and effective sanitation systems have accomplished much of the benefit we enjoy. If you think wonder drugs are important, that credit goes to chemists and research scientists, not doctors.

Doctors can not claim most of the credit for gains in longevity. Most people still die of cancer, heart disease, and stroke. Engineering has significantly reduced the likelihood of dying in auto accidents, though a determined human can overcome those advances with either alcohol or a cell phone. Greater prosperity gives many more people access to adequate diet, shelter, clean water, and education. All of contributes to health and longevity.

So, no: medicine is not an inherently noble profession, but some doctors are noble. Medicine is a technical field. Most doctors are careerists who do at least reasonably good work and are quite well rewarded.

What doctors can do is often relieve suffering and improve healing. Their capacity to perform those beneficences owe much to people who are not doctors.

To summarise, my objective in this post has been to argue that Classical Greco-Roman culture/civilization is not, as is widely presumed, equivalent to Western culture/civilization. What we call "The West" was not born in Athens in 500.BC. — johnGould

That Classical Greece and Rome are not Western Civilization per se makes sense. There were at least two breaks between Classical Athens and us: One is the Roman Empire which engulfed Greece and the second is the Medieval period where life without Rome had to be negotiated. Further, parts of Europe that had never been part of the Roman Empire came into their own (eventually). And Rome itself wasn't classical Greece just enlarged. Its ethos was quite different.

Question: Why did Spengler call it "Faustian"? When I think of Faust I think of Faustian bargain.

I haven't read Spengler; might have to add it to the collection of books to get read.

As someone who grew up in a hell and damnation religious environment I am not happy to face years of threat and intimidation based on a highly suspect definitely incoherent and contradictory text. — Andrew4Handel

As well you should not! I grew up in a mainline Protestant (Methodist) home, where the Bible was taken seriously. I went to Sunday school, church, believed, etc. I was homosexual and this caused no end of internal conflict for a long time. I was stuck between God saying homosexuality is an abomination and being myself that abomination. There are three solutions; I used all three. The first is to just ignore the Bible and the church. Cruise the parks, go home with gay guys from the bar, all that, and ignore the religious message I was raised with. The second approach is hermeneutics: Ancient semitic cultures did not have a concept of "sexual orientation". People were supposed to marry the opposite sex, period. (I won't review the whole hermeneutics thing.) That helped; it enabled me to be active in religious groups where gays were accepted. Back in the 1970s that was in gay religious organizations. The third approach is rejection: I am gay and good, the Bible is wrong, so be it. If that's how the churches are thinking, then to hell with it. This approach works too. It can be difficult for dyed in the wool Christians to reject their religious system, but it can be done.

My siblings (all older than me, I'm 72, the oldest one still living is 80) are pretty much against gay people being accepted. They are mostly pretty conservative Republicans, to boot. They accept me, but that doesn't generalize to homosexuals in general, and how much they accept me is open to question.

Now I look at Christendom and the Bible from the outside in, much more than the inside out, and that's much better.

This what the bible actually says in Exodus 20:5

" I, the LORD your God, am a jealous God, punishing the children for the sin of the parents to the third and fourth generation of those who hate me." — Andrew4Handel

But then in Ezekiel 18;20 it claims:

"The one who sins is the one who will die. The child will not share the guilt of the parent, nor will the parent share the guilt of the child. " — Andrew4Handel

Yes, there is no squaring this circle. The two verses are contradictory. But you know the Bible is a collection of texts from different authors and editors, and composed at different times and places. One could observe that the Ezekiel text displays a more generous system of judgement than the Exodus verse. One of the flaws of fundamentalist literalism is that it assigns a single voice (god) to the entire text. That assumption sets up the reader for trouble when he compares texts. There is no contradiction if the text was composed by various people over time. If God dictated the story, then there are big problems. People have to decide for themselves what it was.

What I would be attacking hear is biblical literalism. — Andrew4Handel

By all means, attack Biblical literalism which, you know, is the fault of the reader, not the text.

Reading the Bible cover to cover 10 times might be worthwhile, but it will not, in itself, instruct one in hermeneutics, the branch of knowledge that deals with interpretation, especially of the Bible or literary texts.

I think I've mentioned once or twice, here and there, that I don't believe the Bible is the Word of God. I understand it to be a sacred narrative, composed over time under varying circumstances. It was not composed over an expanse of time from Adam to Revelations. The book of Exodus wasn't composed during the exodus period. Exodus is a story - a narrative. So is Matthew. The people who composed, edited, and recorded the narratives were always dealing with current conditions, current issues, current thinking.

"No man hath seen God at any time". John 1:18, 1 John 4:12

The Lord talked with you [the people of Israel] face to face in the mount out of the midst of the fire. Deuteronomy" 5:4 — Andrew4Handel

Yes, literally contradictory. Oh dear, God screwed up. Woe is you!

Look, if you don't want to believe that the Bible is the word of God, that's fine by me. But if you want to build a case against the Bible (for whatever reason) you should come up with something more substantial and compelling than a few contradictions.

Personally, I don't believe the Bible is the word of god. The Bible is the word of serious people who believed in god, and were invested in the whole holiness project. For that matter, I don't believe all that much in god, either. I have nothing against people who take the Bible seriously and believe in god. Many hands were involved in writing the Bible -- both OT and NT, so we should not be at all surprised that there are contradictions. Maybe even factual errors! We weren't there; most of the Biblical writers weren't there either. They were, in most cases, writing about times gone by before they were born.

had an argument with a friend of mine... He claims that black people commit more crime and are therefore are more likely to commit crime. Following his premises, and he is white, we should fear black people and be suspicious.

I say he is arguing that being black causes you to be a criminal... which is a load of shit in my book.

He uses the statistics on US prisons to say blacks are proportionally more likely per capita to commit crime.

I argue that there could be other factors for their reason for being in jail. Racism, environment, mental illness, culture (as in respecting gang members and the pressures to conform) — Drek

Of course your friends is prejudiced. Yes, most blacks do not commit crimes. Blacks are disproportionately imprisoned. Etc.

Your friend's prejudices are not novel, and they used to be much more common than they are now, and were, in many cases, more extremely prejudicial. Times have changed. Polite white folks do not openly express these sorts of prejudices nowadays. Politically correct, liberal, woke, whatever... people pride themselves on not expressing, and not even having these prejudices.

Everybody has prejudices. It's quite impolitic these days to express prejudices about blacks, gays, trans, women, and various others. It is OK, maybe even mandatory, to have prejudices against white men--especially white men who have a small amount of power. It's also OK, maybe even obligatory, to have prejudices against religious people, especially conservative religious people.

It is quite possible that even politically correct, liberal, woke, sensitive, etc. people have prejudices against blacks, gays, fat people, women, poor people, uneducated people, and so on, as well as against well off white men, conservative religious people, Republicans, and so on. You won't catch them voicing these prejudices, though, most of the time. The prejudices are more likely to be detected by long-term observation: Where do they choose to live? What so their closest friends look like? Who do they hang around with, and who do they not keep company with?

Are people who claim to be without these prejudices merely hypocrites? Quite possibly; hypocrisy is as much a feature of human behavior as handedness or having more hair when one is younger than when one is older.

if Spengler were alive today to "fill in some of the gaps" for us , relating to his work, he would probably identify the Vikings, who appeared on the map of world history in the 7th (?) century, as the first genuinely Western (Faustian) people; that is, the first "fully fledged", bone fide Westerners. — johnGould

Why Vikings? Why not the English, the French, or the Irish who, one book says, saved Western Civilization? True, the Vikings took the initiative and ranged all the way from Oslo to Constantinople, or Copenhagen to Canada. I have nothing against the Vikings, but I don't see why you would see in them the roots of western culture more than Ukrainians, Germans, French, Greeks, or the Spaniards.

"Western" is an amalgam of cultures stretching from the Levant, Greece, Rome, Northern Africa, Scandinavia, Finland (can't leave out the Finns, Balkans, Russians, etc.) and more.

When do you think the West began? During the Age of Pericles? Augustus? In the several centuries after the last emperor of Rome? What about Byzantium? Charlemagne? Before or after the conversion to Christianity of Europe?

I do not think it is possible to put one's finger on a date and place and say "That's where the West began!" The West, just like the East, China, the Maya, Inca, Aztec, Anasazi, Egyptian, or Islamic empire (and more besides these) -- is an emergent process. Babylon, Jerusalem, Athens, Rome, Alexandria, Moscow, Paris, Madrid, Stockholm, London and so on are all way stations on the road to the West.

The West that we belong to has been in existence for maybe 3000 years. Thanks to the colonial powers of Europe, much of the world is now tentatively western.

That's very true.

We would love to believe that we are all destined for something. — Emmanuele

We are all destined for something: the grave.

I want to say this: it is not your job to heal the world. — Lif3r

Or it is our job to heal the world, and we have to do it with a sober, sound mind.

Here are a couple of books you might be interested in reading:

The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World by David W. Anthony

Ancestral Journeys: The Peopling of Europe from the First Venturers to the Vikings by Jean Manco

Britain Begins by Barry Conliffe

The first, Horse, Wheel and Language is the best bet.

Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond

The first two concern themselves with archeology and philology to trace physical and linguistic evidence of how a mix of various people eventually became "Europeans". Interesting books. The Horse/wheel book is the best of the those three.

Guns, Germs, and Steel by Diamond concerns the geographic advantages of the people living in the Fertile Crescent and southern Eurasia. The climate and geography was roughly the same from east to west (plains, grass, forest, mountains, sea coasts, and rivers). The Chinese also benefitted from a similar configuration. Africans, Western Hemisphere and Australian aboriginals didn't benefit from their locations in a similar way. From the Mediterranean to the southern tip of Africa, from Hudson Bay to Terra del Fuego, there are many bands of climate and geographies. In Africa, and the Western Hemisphere, People tended to move from north to south. What worked in the Pacific Northwest didn't work in the desert southwest or central America.

The domestication of various animals brought Eurasians into contact with several significant diseases -- smallpox, measles, and so on. They adapted, so that they didn't all die of the various afflictions that came with animal contact. When westerns and Amerindians came into contact, the Amerindian populations were devastated by the previously unmet diseases.

The difference in E--->W, vs. N--->S movement is that the former were able to benefit from developments in one place as they moved on, and the latter were not. Also, Africans and Western Hemisphere peoples did not have animals that would agree to being convenient sources of labor. The Eurasian people had the advantage of several wild herd animals that were calm and cooperative enough to be domesticated -- water buffalo, sheep and goats, cow, horse, and hog (camels were a late arrival). There were buffalo in North America but buffalo are flighty herd animals which will not submit to close human contact. (Horses were introduced to the W.H. by the Spanish.)

Diamond discusses some of the material determinants that helped produce Western Civilization. It isn't the case that Western Hemispheric aboriginals didn't develop complex civilizations and large structures: they did. The Cahokia monuments near the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers is a very large cultural site. The earthwork structures are still quite large, even after a few centuries of erosion. Cahokia dominated much of the present central USA.

I wanted to send a "@link" to show you all something (some photographs), in the context of this discussion of Western culture/civilization we are having, but my technical knowledge of computers/the internet is very poor unfortunately. (I am a stubborn, old, male Luddite in this respect !) — johnGould

Do not despair, for I bring you tidings of how to post pictures!

Most pictures on the Internet picture (like one resulting from the Google search for "Carving on a 9th century Viking boat) have an internet address. Here is an example of an Internet address: irisharchaeology ie wp content uploads 2012 09 Oseberg viking bucket (punctuation removed) You don't have to remember the address. If you are using an Apple computer, position the mouse over the picture you want to post. Hold down the "control" button and then click and hold the mouse down. A menu will appear. Near the bottom of the menu you will see "copy image address". Click on "copy image address".

Now, look at the at the top of the text box where you compose. There is a square icon with what sort of looks like an image inside it. click on that. It will tell you to paste the link to your image. Using your keyboard, hit Command - v. That will past the address of your image.

You won't see the image you pasted until you post the comment. Like this:



Now I'll copy and paste the caption under the picture:

This bucket was one of several found on on the ship. Made out of yew wood it is surrounded by decorative brass fittings and held together with iron hoops. A wooden ladle and 6-7 wild apples were found inside it.

It's been quite a few years, I don't remember how to copy/past internet addresses on PCs. Sorry. As I recollect it was sort of similar.

Is that good or bad, a problem or a solution? How much is enough, how much is too much etc?

I don't see how we get where ever it is we're trying to go population-wise if we have no idea what that is. — Jake

1 billion in 1870s, 2 billion 1920s, 3 billion 1960s, 4 billion 1970s, 5 billions 1980s, 6 billion 1999, 7 billions 2009, 7.7 billion 2018...

No one and everyone are individually responsible for global population and resource depletion. No individual American is responsible for our high rate of resource use, but we all are. Individually and collectively we are guilty of too much reproduction, too much resource consumption, and too much CO2. That's the problem: we make critical decisions individually and can't effectively deal with them collectively.

People individually decide to leave Mexico or Nigeria or Syria and walk or paddle, if need be, all the way to Los Angeles, Rome, or London. No one can blame people for wanting to leave shit holes and trying to find a better life somewhere else, but there are global consequences. 327 million Americans use up a hell of a lot of stuff, and 14% or 45 million of us are foreign born. Native-born Americans are fairly close to replacement rate reproduction, so most of our growth -- and increased resource demand -- is from immigration.

But some countries, like Italy, are at or below replacement levels. Good or Bad? For the planet, that's good. Over the long run (if there is a long run) we very much need to lower world population. A good deal fewer than 8 billion of us are more than enough. For individual countries, a shrinking population presents problems: too few young people to do the heavy lifting (production, agriculture, distribution, etc.) and to care for the elderly. Eventually a new equilibrium is established, though. In the meantime...

The northern half of the planet is growing more slowly (or the population is shrinking) than the southern half. As soon as you think of some way to get the southern half to stop breeding... let them know.

I'm trying... — Drek

You are doing fine. Nobody dipped into Marx and instantly got it all. I read it several times as part of a socialist study group. It takes time for these contrary ideas to sink in.

Marx was describing how capitalism worked -- that's what Das Capital and Value, Price, and Profit is about. He wasn't interesting in specifying what the workers wages should be, because in his view, the workers should get it all--that is, the value of the goods they created. He hoped that at some point the capitalist would be done away with -- not by lining the capitalists up and shooting them, but by replacing capitalism and capitalists with socialism. Will it happen? I don't know.

I can't believe workers are getting paid half the efforts... I see the relation to Serfdom — Drek

They are getting paid less than that! As a rule of thumb, the cost of producing a product is usually about 1/10th of the retail price. So, where does the rest of the products retail price come from?

Take your shirt: Somebody has to design the cloth; somebody else makes the cloth. Somebody else designs the shirt; then somebody makes the shirt; then the shirt has to be washed, pressed, and put into a package; then the shirt has to be marketed; then the shirt has to be shipped to the various countries whose stores bought the shirt; then the shirt has to be transported to the warehouse of the buyer; eventually it gets to Walmart. Walmart advertises the shirt. You go buy it. You are paying for everything that happened along the way, and all the profit margins that each handling company tased on. That's why your $5 shirt ends up costing $50--or more. Maybe much more.

Capitalists don't have it easy. If they make too much of something, the price of it drops and they may lose a lot of money. If they don't make enough of it, they lost opportunity to sell the stuff. Sometimes customers decide they don't like something and won't buy it -- and the company is screwed (sort of). Maybe the company went into debt buying up other companies and can't afford to pay the interest -- then it goes belly up eventually. Like Sears and Penney's. Some companies like Neiman Marcus cater to very rich customers and can afford less volume on merchandise that is marked up a lot.

Manufacturers (or any other capitalist) pays no more to get workers to stay on the job that is necessary. Profitability doesn't determine wages. What determines wages is how much per hour it takes to get a worker to apply for the job. Here's an example:

Hormel (bacon, ham, etc.) used to be a union shop and paid pretty good wages to the local almost all white workers in Austin, Minnesota. After Hormel cut wages, the workers went on strike and Hormel hired temporaries. Eventually the striking workers were replaced permanently and the plant became an all Mexican immigrant plant paying much lower wages for worse working conditions. White workers would not work for greatly reduced wages. Mexicans would because the average lower rate here is still higher than the much lower rate of wages in Mexico.

Doing the hard thing for justice is good in and of itself and for the results.. no matter how profitable or pleasurable being unjust is? — Drek

There is nothing just about the Capitalist System. It is based on ruthless exploitation.

Fanning the Flames of Discontent Department

According to a management consultant, “Employees can (and should) be underpaid, overworked, exhausted and then discarded.” The aim is to maximise the value of the company in the short term, with a view to cashing out when it is sold at an IPO.

Workers create surplus value, but don't expect gratitude from capitalists!

Quote from "Lab Rats by Dan Lyons and Seasonal Associate by Heike Geissler review – powerless at work" From Guardian Book Reviews. Read it and weep.

I thought surplus value was the surplus of stuff that doesn't get sold (the article). Like, you make a bunch of bread, not all of it sells, but it goes bad. — Drek

"Surplus value" isn't the stuff that is left over after a sale. Here's a simple illustration.

In one pile is iron ore. In another pile is coal. Next to the coal and iron ore is a blast furnace. Iron ore, by itself, isn't worth a lot. It is basically red gravel. Coal by itself isn't worth a lot, nor is a cold blast furnace. But you own the ore, the coke, and the blast furnace, and you want to make some money. How do you do that?

You hire some iron workers to heat up the blast furnace with the coal and then add iron ore. It takes a lot of work and skill to run a blast furnace; to know how hot it should be; how long the ore will need to melt into slag and iron; to know how much oxygen to add, how and when to draw off the iron, and so on.

The workers have used their knowledge and energy to produce ingots of high quality iron. You own the
finished iron which is worth a lot more than the raw ore and coal. Where did the extra [surplus] value come from?

The surplus value came from the labor of the iron workers. By working the ore and coal into iron ingots, they greatly increased the value of the ore and coal. The greater value (of the iron ingots) less the cost of labor is surplus value.

Labor creates all wealth, because wealth depends on raw materials being worked up into finished goods by workers.

The workers are paid for the labor, not for the surplus value. The capitalist keeps the surplus value. Aren't the wages tied to the surplus value? No. Wages are tied to income from selling products (or services). Once the capitalist sells the iron ingots to Ford to make pickup trucks, he can pay the workers.

Farmers work the land and sell the crop. Garment workers take cloth (their raw material) and turn it into clothing. Butchers take cows (their raw material) and turn the cow into steaks, roasts, and hamburger. Tanners take cow hides and turn them into leather. Shoemakers take the raw material o leather and turn it into shoes. And so on.

The Capitalist will say, "but I owned all the raw materials, the blast furnace, and the factories. I told the workers what to do. I bought machines to make their work easier. I am the one that created the wealth." Except: the raw materials (like iron ore) could sit there forever without becoming a product. Even if machines are used, other workers made the machines.

Now, the capitalist could kill a cow and cut it up and sell it. In which case he would be a butcher, not a capitalist. A capitalist could buy some cloth and make a suit for me. In which case he would be a tailor, not a capitalist.

Does this help? If not, read Value Price and Profit here. It's free.

DISCLAIMER: It has been a long time since I read Value, Price, and Profit. It is possible that I have not accurately represented what Marx said. Feel free to correct my report.

One of the reasons that the poor stay poor is that poverty is useful in the capitalist system. Having a batch of poor folk around serves as a labor reserve. should the need for greater production arise, the poor can be hired, solving the labor shortage. We are in that situation now, sort of: Unemployment is very low. (Of course, official unemployment figures should always be taken with a hefty dose of salt.)

A second reason for keeping the poor poor is that they are a living warning to the working class:
A) See that line of unemployed people out there? Demand too much and you will be joining them.
B) Step out of line and you'll be fired -- because you can conveniently be replaced.

why do the rich AND working class feel they deserve it? Isn't it for the poor? — Drek

Who the hell told you that surplus value was for the poor? Nothing could be further from the facts! Surplus value is what capitalists live for: Surplus value makes up the income stream of the rich. (Marx's short work Value, Price, and Profit elaborates how surplus value is accumulated.

Damn right Capitalism affords us great things. It lifts all boats. — Drek

Capitalism is good at cooking up new products, but that it lifts all boats is wishful thinking. Not everyone has a boat to lift. Most people will just have to swim or sink as the tide of capitalism rises. In fact, much of the income flowing to the richest segment of the world's population (the dozen or so very, very, very rich people that have more wealth than half of mankind) lifts only the boats of speculators. That is so because much of the super rich income comes from manipulating financial instruments, and these instruments have nothing directly to do with production.

The problem with all this cash flowing into the hands of a vanishingly small number of super rich is that the trillions of dollars in cash ceases to have a productive role in the world economy. Investing in credit default swaps, currency trading, and other esoterica doesn't generate new production, innovation, or better lives for anyone. (It doesn't do much for the super rich either, because they are already over the top. What more could they possibly want that they don't already have, other than more more and more of the same?)

Eat the rich!