• Supernatural magic
    Even Sauron (and telekinesis), ? :)
    What about as an explanation?
    Perpetually a tentative gap-filler, or ...?
  • Might we be able to use a machine to read the thoughts of a person?
    There has been (and is) some research/studies in these areas ...

    Brain makes decisions before you even know it (Kerri Smith; Nature; Apr 2008)
    Mind-reading program translates brain activity into words (Ian Sample; The Guardian; Jan 2012)
    Scientists Use Brain Waves To Eavesdrop On What We Hear (Peter Murray; Singularity Hub; from the Public Library of Science (PLoS) Biology; Feb 2012)
    Neural Decoding of Visual Imagery During Sleep (Horikawa, Tamaki, Miyawaki, Kamitani; Science AAAS; Apr 2013)
    Researcher controls colleague’s motions in 1st human brain-to-brain interface (Rajesh Rao, Andrea Stocco; University of Washington; Aug 2013)
    Brain decoding: Reading minds (Kerri Smith; Nature; Oct 2013)
    Mind-Reading Computer Instantly Decodes People’s Thoughts (Tia Ghose; LiveScience; Jan 2016)
    Device that can literally read your mind invented by scientists (Ian Johnston; The Independent; Apr 2017)
    After 15 years in a vegetative state, nerve stimulation restores consciousness (Cell Press via EurekAlert! / AAAS; Sep 2017)
    Computer system transcribes words users “speak silently” (Larry Hardesty; MIT News Office; Apr 2018)
    Amazing New Brain Map of Every Synapse Points to the Roots of Thinking (Shelly Fan; Neuron via Singularity Hub; Aug 2018)
    Our brains reveal our choices before we're even aware of them, study finds (Lachlan Gilbert; University of New South Wales; Mar 2019)
  • Ontological Argument Proving God's Existence
    Anselmian onto/logicing:

    1. Dracula is the most dangerous conceivable vampire (our definition)
    2. a real vampire is more dangerous than a fictional vampire (trivially true)
    3. if Dracula was not real, then a more dangerous vampire was conceivable (which would contradict 1)
    4. therefore Dracula is real (from the above)

    Or maybe:

    1. define Vlad as the most "vampirish" being
    2. a fictional being cannot bite and turn me, a real being can
    3. for Vlad to be the most "vampirish" being, Vlad must be able to bite and turn me
    4. therefore Vlad is the real deal, since otherwise 1 is contradicted

    Should we be concerned...? Or not...?

    cmhuws7eki77j7h4.jpg
  • The causa sui and the big bang
    fine tuningWayfarer

    Science is model → evidence convergence; evidence, observation, experimental results accumulate, and models converge thereupon. The models incorporate constants, e.g. lightspeed, elementary charge, the molar Planck constant, 3+1 dimensional spacetime.

    So, in analogy, we build a reasonably working machine (model), then wonder why changing that wee cog (constant) over there breaks the machine (model). Not just that; while attempting to generalize our assessment wholesale, we overlook what kinds of dull and wondrous machines might be built in other universes. Because we still only have a sample size of one; but that's how the fine-tuning argument proceeds nonetheless. For that matter, some religious people still claim the likes of heaven and hell, which presumably then are supposed to be other possible worlds (however anthropocentric).

    Fine-tuning comes through as a pseudo-argument, at least when based on how "fine-tuned" is sometimes used in science. Something similar holds for intelligent design arguments.

    Besides ...
    π was created and fine-tuned so we can have circles?
  • The causa sui and the big bang
    The point is that there is far greater likelihood of the magnitude of billions to oneWayfarer

    Not just that.
    Every particular was vanishingly unlikely.
    Every particular unfolding of our universe is vanishingly unlikely in the sea of possible worlds.
    Focusing particularly on life or consciousness (as we know them) is perhaps a bit anthropocentric.
  • Design, No design. How to tell the difference?
    Heat death seems orderly (to me). Fine-tuned?

    "Fine-tuned" is used in different ways by religious folk (Christian, Muslims, etc) and scientists (physicists, chemists, etc). Typical scientific definition/use:

    1. science is model → evidence convergence (evidence, observation, experimental results accumulate, and models converge thereupon)
    2. the models incorporate constants (lightspeed, elementary charge, the molar Planck constant, 3+1 dimensional spacetime)
    3. by dialing the constants in the models (like they were variables), and deriving the consequences of the models, various ranges of in/stability can be supposed
    4. additional smaller ranges are derived from the models in which life (implicitly as we know it) can presumably come about
    5. fine-tuned is (defined as) the ranges found in 3 or 4, against other mathematical values of the constants, that variables otherwise might take
    6. apart from these scientific constants, we also have mathematical constants, like π and e, that are used in scientific models

    "π was created and fine-tuned so we can have circles?" :)

    Our best models per se, suggest micro-chaos and macro-regularities (some of which are trivial). So, this is a fairly narrow definition, especially against a backdrop of possible worlds.

    Christians also posit Yahweh, to whom such laws presumably do not apply, but nonetheless is possible according to them. Muslims also posit heaven (for example) as another world. What we'd then be looking for, is an assessment of all possible worlds. Feasible?

    Maybe some see faces in the clouds, but that's not much of an argument, though.

    Wikipedia » Ramsey theory — order from chaos
    Wikipedia » Ramsey's theorem
    Wikipedia » Universality (dynamical systems) — emergence
    Wikipedia » Self-organization
    Wikipedia » Chaos theory » Spontaneous order
    Wikipedia » Texas sharpshooter fallacy:fire:
  • Procreation and the Problem of Evil
    This world is the best of them.frank

    I thought heaven was supposed to be the thing?
  • How much philosophical education do you have?
    @alcontali, it's almost like you're vaguely characterizing capitalism?

    free enterprising → $s → power → influence (conspire?) → maintain (free enterprising etc) → ...
  • The power of truth
    we all know what true isBanno

    Hey that could make for a cool-sounding adage of sorts.

    "We all know what true is, but we don't know all that is true."
  • Atheism is untenable in the 21st Century
    I view consciousness as metaphysical necessity3017amen

    How come?
    As mentioned, there are simple possible worlds without, absence thereof is hardly impossible.
    (Hence why I asked if you meant that consciousness is necessary for our world.)

    In other words, consciousness and its primacy is required or needed to understand (apprehend) all forms of necessity and necessary truths, right?3017amen

    Skipping "primacy" — to understand/apprehend, sure.
    But I wouldn't mix up belief/knowledge and truth/ontology.
    Knowledge depends on truth, not vice versa.
  • Atheism is untenable in the 21st Century
    necessary consciousness (some people say necessary Being)3017amen

    That'd be a strong bare assertion at best, incoherent at worst.

    Consciousness is not necessary in general, since there are simple possible worlds (self-consistent wholes) without. But necessities hold for all possible worlds.

    Unless you mean consciousness is necessary for our world (or you've abandoned possible world semantics of modal logic) or something?
  • Moral choice versus involuntary empathy
    , I haven't seen a youtube about it. Feel free to summarize here.

    , right. Empathy is typically involved in moral judgment.
  • Select problems with Craigian cosmology
    outside of or not bound by timeWayfarer

    Suppose x is defined as not spatial, "outside of space". Well, then obviously x is nowhere to be found. And x cannot have any extent, volume, area, length, or the likes, not even zero-dimensional (like a mathematical singularity).

    Suppose x is defined as atemporal, "outside of time". Well, then there can be no time at which x exists. And there can be no duration involved, x cannot change, or be subject to causation, cannot interact, and would be inert and lifeless.

    The closest that comes to mind is abstract objects (perhaps a variety of Platonia). (As an aside, you don't define things into existence, word magic style.)

    An object is abstract (if and) only if it is causally inefficacious. — https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abstract-objects/

    I don't think that's what Craig has in mind for his deity. Unless ...
    time is unparsimoniously multiplied, perhaps adding ("orthogonal") temporal dimensions.jorndoe

    strictly speaking 'the transcendent' doesn't exist, as 'existence' is what 'the transcendent' is transcendent in respect toWayfarer

    Yeah, this one's yours, not heading down that rabbit hole. Not particularly coherent. Equivocating, information-free linguistic constructs.

    If Craig was to declare "Yahweh does not exist", then how would that be any different from atheism? Besides, I'm guessing his sales numbers would plummet. :)

    The fine-tuning thing is separate. Maybe a different thread?
  • Atheism is untenable in the 21st Century
    Yet another mystery...3017amen

    An argument from ignorance rather than just admitting you don't know...?
    By the way, without you first postulating theism there's nothing to discuss.
    Hence, the onus probandi is on you.
    Yet, going by ignorance isn't the best evidence/justification around.

    I will demonstrate [...] using logical inference [...] Deity3017amen
    Tick tock tick tock3017amen

    ...
  • Preacher, why should anyone take your word for it?
    Evidently, any such deity either has no messages of utmost importance for all mankind, or is not real.

    (Which, by the way, also is justified by how these faiths spread, and their places and times of emergence.)

    Would parsimony be of any use here?
  • Preacher, why should anyone take your word for it?
    the proverbial ‘truth-seeker’Wayfarer

    (y)
  • Preacher, why should anyone take your word for it?
    but there is also an enormous amount of common ground, particularly amongst the mystics of the higher religionsWayfarer

    Sure, except the majority reject such perennialism.

    Note well: 'some people don't and it cannot be helped'.Wayfarer

    The old "spiritual blindness" thing?

    We have people claiming a personal relationship with Jesus (the fellow that died ages ago, not this or this); others claiming to communicate with Shiva; Muhammad allegedly had personal sessions with Gabriel (on Allah's behalf) in a cave when by himself; for that matter, some claim to speak with extraterrestrial aliens; ...

    They're all equally sincere apparently, and claim to have important messages from others, except those others, the supposed real authorities, remain suspiciously silent.

    The peculiar situation goes further still. There are scores of professional apologists, making a living from crafting arguments to promote their particular stories and faiths. (I think Craig might be one of the more popular ones per se.) Deities neither evident nor necessary, just humans.

    If you don't see anything questionable here, if you abandon critical inquiry, then I'm not quite sure how to explicate.

    And where's Jesus? :)
  • Preacher, why should anyone take your word for it?
    You appear to be arguing for old Protestantism. You even referenced one of the old bits of Protestant dogma: that the papacy is Antichrist.

    Did you become a Lutheran or something?
    frank

    The quote wasn't me, just some folk I spoke with some time ago. Your comment reminded me of The Devil's Dictionary:

      RELIGION, n.  A daughter of Hope and Fear, explaining to Ignorance the
      nature of the Unknowable.
          "What is your religion my son?" inquired the Archbishop of Rheims.
          "Pardon, monseigneur," replied Rochebriant; "I am ashamed of it."
          "Then why do you not become an atheist?"
          "Impossible!  I should be ashamed of atheism."
          "In that case, monsieur, you should join the Protestants."
    

    :)
  • Preacher, why should anyone take your word for it?
    Just to add a bit more to the story, I know this fellow that has integrated Shaivist mysticism and a kind of radical pragmatism (mainly after Peirce). All fairly elaborate. In this case, there are mystics, well versed in Vedic texts, and those folk are then taken as authorities, only they can genuinely understand or "communicate" with Shiva. I listened to some of what they had to say. Different, interesting enough for what it is, yet still much the same.

    It is a peculiar habit of God's that when he wishes to reveal himself to mankind, he will communicate only with a single person. The rest of mankind must learn the truth from that person and thus purchase their knowledge of the divine at the cost of subordination to another human being, who is eventually replaced by a human institution, so that the divine remains under other people's control. — Patricia Crone (commenting on Islam and the like)

    Preacher, why should anyone take your word for it?
  • Preacher, why should anyone take your word for it?
    Seems only @Wayfarer had much to add.

    Typical responses could be religious perennialism of sorts, unassuming deism, non-descript panendeism, panpsychism (hi @bert1), "the god of the philosophers", something like that. Maybe the universe is a forgotten experiment, an abandoned petri-dish, "a headless blunder operating under the illusion of a master plan" (quoting Worth in "Cube" (1997)), a dream, The Matrix, Zhuangzi's butterfly, Bostrom's hypothesis, ...?

    Well, the preaching indoctrinating proselytizing theists typically deny such like hands-down in favor of their own narratives. (Sometimes even launching threats, still on behalf of universal, silent super-beings.)

    Or, is it all just human story-telling, testaments to human creativity and imagination? Well, whichever the case, how would we differentiate? "Whereof one cannot speak" and all that? Information-free (linguistic) constructs or whichever idealizations, immunized of any counter/evidence?

    FYI, "the god of the philosophers" as per Donald H Wacome in a speech on Dec 1990 (embedded links mine):

    The God of the ancient philosophers is an abstract object; he has all the reality of the square root of 16. This so-called God is not alive. He is beyond time and change, not the Ancient of Days but the Eternal One. The God of the philosophers is passionless, incapable of being moved to hot anger and tears by the human condition. He is serene and untroubled. The God of the philosophers knows everything about the future; he can't interact with human beings as free creatures on whom the as yet open future in part depends. The God of the philosophers is simple; there is no depth or complexity in his personality. As an abstract object, he is captured in the nets of our philosophical theories. He has his prominent place in our neat and rationally explicable scheme of things. We know what he's like and he is basically predictable. The God of the philosophers, the God of much of the theological tradition, is a creature of the human mind and, as such, is ultimately in our control. — http://home.nwciowa.edu/wacome/gbgp.htm

    (Maybe I should have added a poll, some voting options.)

    Anyway, more importantly, what do you think is the deal with all the diverse opinionated preachers (indoctrinators proselytizers) out there, apparently pretending to speak on behalf of "otherworldly" super-beings?
  • Preacher, why should anyone take your word for it?
    I get the idea of the kind of folks you’re expressing your view too. Should we listen? :)I like sushi

    Reasoning about the peculiar situation, was the idea. Kinda' what the forums are for, yes?

    That's the definitive piece, isn't it?Serving Zion

    No.


    Preaching, incidentally. :)

    Do you take this really important information directly from Socrates?Noble Dust

    More tu quoque'ery? Nope, t'was just an analogous anecdote.

    I think you could answer this question perfectly easily yourself.bert1

    Why thank ye. The intent was participatory inquiry, though.

    Is that the thrust of it?Wayfarer

    Nope. It's fairly straight forward. The sales-people that come knocking on your door, children being subject to directed indoctrination, preachers/imams/pujas that never conclude a sermon with "oh, by the way, we don't know", ..., pretending to speak on behalf of various actual authorities.

    Same reason why we don't take your word for it that God doesn't exist!3017amen

    Well, that'd be you saying so, like "Shiva is a devil" maybe or something? Hasn't been mentioned prior in this thread, which was an inquiry into that peculiar situation.

    Which are still from humans saying something as if it is true.PoeticUniverse

    (y) And, on others' behalf too, others that supposedly are universal, almighty, etc, yet silent, hidden, apparently indifferent, ...
  • Atheism is untenable in the 21st Century
    not to be taken seriouslyalcontali

    (y)

    I was referring to the majority out there.
    The preachers indoctrinators proselytizers that all claim to be speaking the truth of the matter.
    And that is what we're after, yes?
    It's not like the pastors/imams/pujas conclude their sermons with "Oh, but we don't know".

    Hence asking how you feel about them. (Apparently, some piss you off.)
  • Atheism is untenable in the 21st Century
    Which items out of the seven in the OP would like me to parse?3017amen

    I will demonstrate through those seven aforementioned phenomena (and other’s may have more or less), using logical inference, that the probability of a Deity is much more tenable than no-thing, nihilism or: Atheism.3017amen

    ...
  • Atheism is untenable in the 21st Century
    Unless, of course, if they try to impose their views onto me. That is when I get pissed off.alcontali
    How do you feel about all the preachers indoctrinators proselytizers out there, then?
    4th Grade Science Quiz (David Mikkelson, Snopes, Apr 2013)


    Thats why “brainwashing” seems like such an accurate word when describing how people come to religion. Trained from childhood to accept utterly vacant claims, to call the illogical logical, and to be taught meaningless terms are actually the most meaningful. (IE faith).
    Its unfortunate that an accurate term like delusional, or irrational is dismissed out of hand by the religious when just accepting the potential accuracy would be enough for them to shake off the brainwashing.
    DingoJones

    Yeah. A majority of religious adherents (like Christian, Hindu, Muslim) ...

    • have been spoon-fed a particular faith from childhood, implicitly or explicitly as the truth — preaching
    • have not been spoon-fed alternatives (objections, other religions, irreligion) impartially and on equal footing — withholding (or ignorance)
    • have grown up in an environment promoting a particular faith (implicit or explicit peer-pressure, etc), expected to accept that faith without critical inquiry
    • have commonly been subject to unsubstantiable promises and threats (e.g. damnation), arguably a kind of abuse

    All their deities neither evident nor necessary, just humans.
  • Atheism is untenable in the 21st Century
    @3017amen, not much philosophy in bio-denying Yahweh'ism. :confused:

    Einstein said:3017amen
    Einstein stated that he believed in the pantheistic God of Baruch Spinoza. He did not believe in a personal God who concerns himself with fates and actions of human beings, a view which he described as naïve. He clarified however that, "I am not an atheist", preferring to call himself an agnostic, or a "religious nonbeliever." Einstein also stated he did not believe in life after death, adding "one life is enough for me." He was closely involved in his lifetime with several humanist groups. — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_and_philosophical_views_of_Albert_Einstein
    Not sure how relevant this is, though.

    I will demonstrate through those seven aforementioned phenomena (and other’s may have more or less), using logical inference, that the probability of a Deity is much more tenable than no-thing, nihilism or: Atheism.3017amen
    I, for one, would love to see your demonstration. When will that occur?NOS4A2
    Let me know when you got it figured out!3017amen
    Hm. I was looking forward to your demonstration as well, but then you wanted @NOS4A2 to instead.

    Is Yahweh hiding somewhere in your opening post...?

    Just don't say: God does not exist.3017amen
    How about, a bit like Socrates, "Not taking your word for it, though I'd take Shiva's"?

    As an aside, creationist "kinds" are demonstrably nonsense:
    • In a small part of a ring species, x and y can have offspring (⇒ same "kind"), and y and z can have offspring (⇒ same "kind").
    • All the same "kind" (transitive relation).
    • But x and z cannot have offspring (⇒ not the same "kind"). ⚡
    • Therefore "kind" is incoherent.
  • The tragedy of the commons
    I guess not every (important) common is in the hands of a democracy (of the concerned).

    Tragedy of the commons » Solutions (Wikipedia)
  • Study: Nearly four-fifths of ‘gender minority’ students have mental health issues
    Could mental problems come about from bullying, discrimination, scorn, ostracism, self-doubt, systematic attempts to dehumanize, disassociation, perhaps even persecution in some cases/societies, ...?

    Seems likely.
  • The Subjectivity of Moral Values
    The objection to my objection would be that if Reason sets out what is right, then one ought do as reason proscribes. You remain free to choose not to follow reason, but you ought not.Banno

    Wouldn't that render moral agency sort of redundant, "morals" sort of an extraneous word?
  • Would there be a God-like "sensation" in the absence of God or religion? How is this to be explained
    I once asked a similar question, except more "symmetrical" if you will:

    • In case one of the common religions is right (about their deity), then what would it take to think otherwise?
    • Conversely, in case they're wrong and there aren't such deities, then what would it take to believe otherwise?

    What does it take to be wrong about deities?
  • What do you think of the mainstream religions that are homophobic and misogynous?
    Edward Feser and other Christians have published quite a bit against homosexuality.
  • Quod grātīs asseritur, grātīs negātur
    There are apologists making fair $$$s on catering to adherents (a bit like earning off confirming their biases). Those folk also arrange talks, debates and whatnot, often with a price tag for participants.

    Also, when was the when was the last time you heard a priest/imam/puja (or even parent) conclude a sermon with "Oh, by the way, we don't know"? (That might actually be considered blasphemy.) :)

    Out in real life, the preached-indoctrinated-proselytized is typically presented (implicitly or explicitly) as the be-all-end-all truth of it all. In general, with elaborate, mutually inconsistent messages, allegedly of the utmost importance for all man-kind (all genders).

    This sort of thing goes further still.

    Mark my word, if and when these preachers get control of the [Republican] party, and they're sure trying to do so, it's going to be a terrible damn problem. Frankly, these people frighten me. Politics and governing demand compromise. But these Christians believe they are acting in the name of God, so they can't and won't compromise. I know, I've tried to deal with them. — https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater

    Not just fundamentalists.

    Suggest you good folk take Gouldean magisteria — and that evidence is irrelevant — to the streets and the apologists. Until then let's have some more Hitchens'ses around (that you can ad hominem at here on The Philosophy Forum). (y)
  • Quod grātīs asseritur, grātīs negātur
    Hitchens was just someone that called out all the mutually inconsistent preachers indoctrinators proselytizers on their elaborate superstitions.
    And this stercus is your response, @alcontali? :) Won't do.
    Hey, let's have another Hitchens challenging them all.

    If assertions are intended to persuade, then you'd want relevant justifications, yes?
    I'll venture to guess that most occasionally go by the razors, whether intuitively, implicitly or explicitly.
  • Quod grātīs asseritur, grātīs negātur
    The razors aren't axioms in a formal deductive system, as others have pointed out.
    They're rules (of thumb) on par with the asserted.
    If assertions are intended to persuade, then you'd want relevant justifications, yes?
    I'll venture to guess that most occasionally go by the razors, whether intuitively, implicitly or explicitly.

    Formal axiomatic systems go by provisional axioms.
    It just so happens that some such systems have been rather useful/successful, otherwise we wouldn't have kept them around.

    Therefore, Hitchens' approach in which he arbitrarily rejects starting points, is just a cheap slogan that he could use and abuse to reject pretty much any knowledge claim. The late, dead Hitchens was a rhetorical attack dog, with a strong emphasis on the word "dog". May his carcass rot in hell.alcontali
    It is just that I do not like people like Hitchens, whose only goal in life is to discredit and otherwise viciously attack other people. Hitchens was a cherished accomplice of Satan. Richard Stallman said about Steve Jobs: "I am not glad that he is dead but I am glad that he is gone." About Hitchens, I rather abbreviate all of that to "dead and gone", and we wouldn't want it any other way.alcontali

    What nonsense. :roll:
    If your "poor victims" didn't preach indoctrinate proselytize mutually inconsistent superstitions day in and day out, then there wouldn't be a whole lot of Hitchens'ses around to disabuse those postulates.
    And without those (initial) postulates there wouldn't be much to discuss in the first place (they carry the onus probandi).
  • Donald Trump (All General Trump Conversations Here)
    Incidentally, I just returned from vacation in Denmark.

    My ma wants California.

    Not really the topic of chat much in those parts, just a casual grin.
    Don't even recall seeing anything about it on the news, though I didn't watch TV that much.
    Wasn't aware there'd been some sort of official comment.

    But my ma wants California.
  • Reflections on Realism
    If we are, on the other hand, referring to the possibility of a reality consisting of things-in-themselves, apart from how they are experienced, if that's what we mean by objective reality, then objective reality is not experiential.luckswallowsall

    Depends.
    You cannot experience another's self-awareness (or you'd be them instead), so, unless you go by solipsism, there are already things always just over the horizon.
    Feel free to call them ding-an-sich if you like.
    Individuation, self-identity, ..., already always presupposed one way or other, or our chat loses meaning.
    Shouldn't conflate ontology and epistemics.
    But experiences occur like whatever else; the "subjective versus objective" thing can be misleading.
  • Reflections on Realism
    I would say I observe a world that depends on my mind and on other mindsleo

    So you're rehashing the old attempt to justify (subjective) idealism. :meh:
  • Reflections on Realism
    Aristotelian-Thomistic moderate realistDfpolis

    Substance dualism included?
    Substance dualism seems like a sort of "natural intuition" perhaps because of whatever gaps (Levine's explanatory gap, Chalmers' consciousness conundrum, with a nod to Princess Elisabeth of the Palatinate, ...).
    It's a non-explanatory assertion, though, doesn't really bridge any gaps, batteries aren't included.
    The numinous, wholly other, seems susceptible to the interaction problem, but maybe that's different.
  • Reflections on Realism
    monstrous caveatMww

    Monstrous?
    If (what we call) refraction turned out plain wrong (like Aristotle's theory of motion), then we'd perhaps discover something else.

    what would a swimmer out of water look like?Mww

    I wasn't part of the photo-shoot, but more in one piece, like the swimmer themselves presumably would report? :)
  • Reflections on Realism
    what do we call these different types of reality?Galuchat

    Not sure.
    Maybe phenomenological versus empirical in some cases, subjective versus objective in others, fictional versus real in others still?
    Existentially mind-dependent: hallucinating, thinking, imagining, memory recall, conceptualizing, fantasies, (day) dreams, phantom pain, headaches, love, denial, ...
    And (typically) not: the perceived, the Sun, dinosaur bones, ...
    Headaches are real enough.