There are sex differences in psychology. — Michael
These majority of those listed seem largely circumstantial for reasons I'll soon explain.
Basically, it's a list of common stereotypes. Listed as follows:
Women: More inclined to be afraid. More inclined to be passive or submissive. More emotional (positively, along the lines of empathy, understanding, or nurturing).
Men: (obviously the opposite of the above). More assertive or aggressive. More emotional (negatively, along the lines of anger, frustration, and pride).
So, let's analyze these traits in the context of modern and semi-modern societies, shall we?
So, everybody knows a father looks at his daughter unlike the way he looks at a son. While specifics may vary there is generally one common theme and that's that the daughter is "a precious little angel that has to be protected at all cost" whereas the male is a "little me who's going to have to fight and struggle to make his way in the world." So, throughout one's entire upbringing, specifically the first 5 years of life (
crucial development period) this is instilled consciously and directly as well as subconsciously and by various indirect means.
This effectively explains the majority of the psychological and behavior differences, in one swing.
But I'll do one better. Even the minor "behavioral" quirks or mannerisms people don't tend to focus on much but do generally recognize as either "feminine" or "masculine." Say, putting one's hands on one's hips in frustration, for example.
Women generally have larger, wider hips than men. Therefore, it's becomes a "natural" biological inclination.
Same thing for increased muscle tone for males on average. Where the insult "limp-wristed (what have you)" comes in. A man's arm is generally more large and muscular and the male wrist is generally more self-supportive than that of their female counterpart.
These both are minor, incredibly minor in their insignificance, in and of themselves, that is. Yet they seem to be, if not main, secondary biological factors (circumstantial, mind you) that determine many behaviors or inclinations toward behaviors over others.
Without getting carried away, simply put, I'm suggesting the possibility that the majority of the differences between sexes found in the article you linked are cultural, social, and otherwise "learned." I.E. they don't really mean anything other than that's how people raise their kids so that's how they turn out. If they raised them the opposite, than they would turn out the opposite, thus meaning those differences are not really scientific or intrinsic to any sex and are simply "traditions" passed on from one generation or society to the next. Not including the mannerisms or "convenience tendencies" that conform to the actual physical differences between the sexes (ie.
daintiness in one's gait, hands on one's hips, etc.).
And that's even before testosterone and estrogen come into play. Some ethnotypes (races) have generally lower or higher testosterone and estrogen than others. This is due to evolutionary factors generally linked to the terrain and climate from where they "come from." If everything is nice and peaceful, it's a calm flat verdant meadow with everything "just right there", the need for testosterone was probably lower than say, a hot jungle, or rugged mountainous terrain that required constant toil each day. Should that mean certain races are more "masculine" or "famine" than others? It certainly shouldn't. But if you base everything based on those two chemicals well, to that person, it does.