• Australian politics
    I’m disappointed with these cheap vote-buying gambits from both sides (tax and excise giveaways). There’s no vision being offered. I think Albanese a mediocrity although Dutton is worse, and I think Labor overall has more political talent. I can’t abide Dutton’s pissweak scare campaigning. Plus the nuclear option is a non- starter. So I will be holding my nose and voting Labor (although I think mine is a safe Labor seat.)
  • The Musk Plutocracy
    This paragraph is not meant for you but for all the posters who pretend to know what Musk's motives are. I see other posters claiming that this is all being done to benefit the 2 men in questionphilosch

    I don't see Musk as acting purely for personal gain or benefit. He has complex motivations, one of which is his often-stated aim of colonizing Mars. Aside from being the legendary 'world's richest man', he also has many business interests, and indeed, were it not for his obnoxious right-wing ideology, I would have found much to admire about him. But this DOGE campaign he is running is completely outside the bounds of constitutional oversight and political convention. The abrubt termination of the greater part of US foreign aid is endangering lives all over the developing world. Many of DOGE's actions on the domestic front have been slipshod and palpably cruel. Thousands of workers have been summarily dismissed by form emails, often with virtually zero notice. This included, it turned out, some highly skilled workers at the nuclear oversight commission, who all had to be hired back. DOGE has made no secret of the fact that federal workers who are known to support Democrats or are Democrat party members will be fired on grounds of insufficient loyalty to Trump. (One of the rationales for the dismantling of U.S.A.I.D was that it was a largely Democrat-leaning organisation.) Musk and DOGE have also amplified and repeated baseless lies in support of their activities.

    So, no, I don't Musk is in it for the money. I think he's intoxicated with power, with the ability to bend the entire Government of the US to his will, and to ruthlessly manifest whatever strange vision he has for the kind of society the US is to become.

    As for Trump, there's a separate thread for that.
  • The Musk Plutocracy
    The assumption that cupidity is the sole motivator seems banalTom Storm

    Indeed. I think it’s about power. And ideology.
  • On the substance dualism
    Hrm, what is substance then?DifferentiatingEgg

    My question also.
    What do you mean by the subject here?MoK

    Subject of experience. Not simply human subjects, but sentient beings, generally.
  • Donald Trump (All General Trump Conversations Here)
    While Hegseth is not holding himself accountable, the chances that he or any other officials will face outside discipline or investigations appear slim. The White House has installed Trump ultra-loyalists at the Department of Justice and the FBI – agencies that in a normal administration might investigate such breaches as the Signal thread. Independent watchdog officials known as inspectors general have also been fired throughout the government. And Republican lawmakers have proved loath to submit the Trump administration to serious oversight.

    Crash-testing the Justice and Congressional Oversight Subversion plan. Holding so far.

    Flirting with bribery?jorndoe

    Musk looks after the bribery side of the operation. Trump handles the extortion side (by threatening to kill all government contracts for law firms who have been associated with his past prosecutions.)
  • If our senses can be doubted...why can't the contents our of thoughts too?
    By "ontic" I intended: Pertaining to being, as opposed to pertaining to a theory of it (which would be ontological).. Otherwise I would have said, "ontological"javra

    Sure, I get that. And I'm not trying to be contrary or antagonistic, generally speaking I find in you a kindred spirit. But the vocabulary of 'ontic' and 'ontology' is Greek rather than Buddhist.

    Plotinus: Ontological Monism
    The One is beyond, yet the source, of all being.

    Reality is hierarchy: the One → Intellect → Soul → the material world.

    The return to the One is a ascent of soul realizing its divine origin through contemplation, culminating in henosis.

    The One is a positive ontological principle—ultimate, simple, ineffable, and yet the ground of all.

    Buddhism: No ultimate unitary source

    All phenomena (dharmas) are empty of inherent existence (śūnyā).

    Even nirvāṇa is not a separate realm but the cessation of clinging and conceptual proliferation.

    The highest realization is not union with a supreme being, but insight into the non-dual, inter-dependent, and empty nature of phenomena.

    ---

    That's pretty much a textbook description of the distinctions. That said, arguments can and have been made for a 'transcendent unity' among different diverse traditions and the case can be made - I myself often make it. But it has to take into account the real distinctions also.
  • If our senses can be doubted...why can't the contents our of thoughts too?
    Perhaps you might elaborate on what ‘ontic reality’ means?
  • Donald Trump (All General Trump Conversations Here)
    So, you think the Signal cock up couldn’t get worse? Now, Der Speigel reports:

    Donald Trump's most important security advisers used Signal to discuss an imminent military strike. Now, reporting by DER SPIEGEL has found that the contact data of some of those officials, including mobile phone numbers, is freely accessible on the internet.

    Private contact details of the most important security advisers to U.S. President Donald Trump can be found on the internet. DER SPIEGEL reporters were able to find mobile phone numbers, email addresses and even some passwords belonging to the top officials.

    To do so, the reporters used commercial people search engines along with hacked customer data that has been published on the web. Those affected by the leaks include National Security Adviser Mike Waltz, Director of National Intelligence Tulsi Gabbard and Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth.

    Most of these numbers and email addresses are apparently still in use, with some of them linked to profiles on social media platforms like Instagram and LinkedIn. They were used to create Dropbox accounts and profiles in apps that track running data. There are also WhatsApp profiles for the respective phone numbers and even Signal accounts in some cases.

    Where’s that popcorn emoji when we need it?
  • If our senses can be doubted...why can't the contents our of thoughts too?
    can you think of any good reason why the Buddhist notion of Nirvana (at least it was addressed in my previous post) is not an epistemic understanding of the very same non-physical ontic reality which in Platonism and Neoplatonism gets termed “the Good” – this as interpreted via the lenses of two otherwise very distinct cultures, and as reasoned via their respective ways of prioritizing premises and their derived conclusions?javra

    ‘The same as’ is problematical. They may appear the same to us, but (for example) Buddhists and Brahmins have spent millenia debating their differences. (It was instructive to observe the attitudes of traditionally-trained Buddhist scholastics towards Vedanta on Dharmawheel forum, which was generally dismissive.) The theosophical, ‘many paths but one mountain’ attitude has its advocates, but Buddhists and indeed adherents of the other schools often take great pains to differentiate themselves. But it can take quite a bit of study to appreciate the distinctions (not to mention familiarity with Sanskrit in the case of Indian religions.)

    Obviously there are many convergences and resonances, but there are also distinctions. Case in point - like a lot of my generation, I once had the popular Tibetan Book of the Great Liberation, trs W Y Evans-Wentz, which featured extensive comparisons of Tibetan Buddhism and Plotinus. But later translators point out that Evans-Wentz, a Theosophist, never left California during his work on that translation, and relied entirely on a single translator. A much later edition of the same text is vastly different to the Evans-Wentz version even though nobody casts doubt on his noble intentions. Myself, I don’t think it hurts to see the common threads in these traditions, but only up to a point. It might validly be argued that ‘what unites them is more important than what divides them’ but the distinctions ought to be born in mind.

    But then, this whole topic is very much the subject of ‘silk road spirituality’, where all these great traditions mingled and debated. Fascinating topic in its own right.
  • The Musk Plutocracy
    Musk's activities have been elbowed out of the news for a few days by the Signal leak scandal. Coverage will resume when the chainsaw comes back into view.
  • On the substance dualism
    In that sense Kant is Aristotelian following what you are saying.JuanZu

    Quite. Kant did, after all, adopt Aristotle's Table of Categories practically unchanged. But the main point I am trying to draw out, is the nature of this 'substance' in 'substance dualism'. It's important in relation to philosophy of mind, generally.
  • On the substance dualism
    Consciousness does not fit into what Aristotle called Ousia.JuanZu

    The term nearest to 'consciousness' in the Greek lexicon (incidentally I'm not schooled in Greek, but this passes as general knowledge) is 'psuche', which is usually translated as 'soul', and which has come down to us as 'psyche'. And that fits perfectly well into the Aristotelian corpus. There are two principle sources, D'Anima ('On the Soul') and one of the books of the Metaphysics. But the cardinal difference between the Aristotelian and Cartesian philosophy, is that Descartes' depiction of 'res cogitans' as 'thinking thing' ('res' means 'thing'.) There's nothing like that in Aristotle. Rather in Aristotle the rational intellect ('nous') is what is capable of perceiving essentials and universals. That capability is fundamental to Aristotle's hylomorphism (matter-form dualism), which is very different to Descartes' matter-mind duality, because it depicts intellect (nous) more in terms of a capacity than as some ethereal 'thinking substance'. //very roughly, the correspondence between intellect and body, is analogous to that between form and matter. Which is why the soul (psuche) is called 'the form of the body.' Here, 'form' does not mean 'shape' but 'organising principle'.// That's why hylomorphism is still a live option in current philosophy. See Contemporary Hylomorphism (.pdf file) for a long bibiography.

    I brought this up, because the Cartesian 'thinking thing' is still very much written into the way we think about mind-body relations, often without us being aware of it. It provides the 'grammar', so to speak, of the way it is thought about. That is the origin of the 'ghost in the machine' allegory (@Banno)
  • Donald Trump (All General Trump Conversations Here)
    He is a waste of time and effort.tim wood

    beats me why there are so many replies. They're pretty easy to starve.
  • On the substance dualism
    It is trying, but can't.Banno

    You're anthropomorphising, projecting human emtions on to a device. A signal is not being sent, due to the conditions for its transmission not being present. Nobody is trying to do anything, unless a technician is trying to repair it.
  • If our senses can be doubted...why can't the contents our of thoughts too?
    And then, what evidence is there that emotion and value cannot themselves possibly be subject to some measure of the discursive rationality which we consciously engage in?javra

    Freud's depiction of 'the mystical' was as 'a feeling of oceanic bliss', which he characteristically described as an unconscious memory of existence in the womb (that comprising the full extent of his epistemological repertoire). There is an element of truth in that, but I think there is rather more to it! Certainly the sense of union seems fundamental, so too the dissolving of the sense of otherness which pervades normal existence. After all that is one of the meanings of 'non-dual'.

    But it's something far more than emotion, no matter how exalted. Emotion is a visceral reaction. It is rather an intellectual (or noetic or gnostic) insight, an insight into 'the way things truly are'. Recall Parmenides prose poem, in which he 'travels beyond the gates of day and night', symbolising duality. The Greek, Indian, Persian and Chinese traditions all have these kinds of elements at their origin, but due to our

    Western biasJ

    They are seen as outside the scope of 'rational discourse' due to their association with religious revelation rather than empirical science. Of course, the times are changing, and there are many ways in which this is no longer true. I think they're regaining a place at the table, finally.
  • On the substance dualism
    Unplug the thermostat from the heater, and drop the temperature - the thermostat tries to turn the heater on, but can't... (a description in terms of intent, not physics)Banno

    'Tries' here is clearly metaphorical. What actually happens is, nothing. The events do not trigger the response. Nothing has 'tried' to do anything.
  • On the substance dualism
    This does not rule out that the reaction of a mind to the environment is just that - an energetic reaction which can be described entirely in physical termsBanno

    But that's the whole point of 'intentionality'. Minds of all kinds - organisms of all kinds - display attributes which are *not* reducible to physical terms, as they are semiotic in nature (which I learned from Apokrisis.) To say that they are 'describable in physical terms' means that they can be accounted for solely in terms of physical laws - which is physicalism.

    And what about the reaction of a thermostat, or of iron to oxygen, requires an explanation in terms of 'intentionality'? So, now you're not a physicalist, but a panpsychist! Make up your mind-substance.
  • On the substance dualism
    It remains that, for the OP, explaining the interaction of ghost and machine is problematic.Banno

    Which is why I took the trouble of explaining it (not that I expect the explanation to be understood by the poster to whom it was addressed, but you might get it.)
  • Donald Trump (All General Trump Conversations Here)
    As for the 'bottom-feeding' Atlantic magazine, and it's 'scumbag' Editor Jeffrey Goldberg, here's an excerpt from the Wikipedia entry on The Atlantic Monthly. Take note of the names amongst the founders.

    The Atlantic is an American magazine and multi-platform publisher based in Washington, D.C. It features articles on politics, foreign affairs, business and the economy, culture and the arts, technology, and science.

    It was founded in 1857 in Boston as The Atlantic Monthly, a literary and cultural magazine that published leading writers' commentary on education, the abolition of slavery, and other major political issues of that time. Its founders included Francis H. Underwood[3][4] and prominent writers Ralph Waldo Emerson, Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and John Greenleaf Whittier.[5][6] James Russell Lowell was its first editor.[7] During the 19th and 20th centuries, the magazine also published the annual The Atlantic Monthly Almanac.[8] The magazine was purchased in 1999 by businessman David G. Bradley, who fashioned it into a general editorial magazine primarily aimed at serious national readers and "thought leaders"; in 2017, he sold a majority interest in the publication to Laurene Powell Jobs's Emerson Collective.[9][10][11]

    The magazine was published monthly until 2001, when 11 issues were produced; since 2003, it has published 10 per year. It dropped "Monthly" from the cover with the January/February 2004 issue, and officially changed the name in 2007.[12] In 2024, it announced that it will resume publishing monthly issues in 2025.[13][14]

    In 2016, the periodical was named Magazine of the Year by the American Society of Magazine Editors.[15] In 2022, its writers won Pulitzer Prizes for feature writing and, in 2022, 2023, and 2024 The Atlantic won the award for general excellence by the American Society of Magazine Editors. In 2024, it was reported that the magazine had crossed one million subscribers[13] and become profitable, three years after losing $20 million in a single year and laying off 17% of its staff.

    As of 2024, the website's executive editor is Adrienne LaFrance, the editor-in-chief is Jeffrey Goldberg, and the CEO is Nicholas Thompson.

    Speaking of 'scumbag journalism', recall that Pete Hegseth used to be a part-time presenter on Fox News, where he used to declaim loudly that Hilary ought to be jailed for using a non-sanctioned server for official communications.
  • On the substance dualism
    You again make the mistake of assuming there is a ghost in the machine, and then pretending you have demonstrated it.Banno

    Obviously you wrote that before you read my remarks above my response to you, which explicitly describes the flaw with the idea of the 'ghost in the machine'. Have another go.
  • On the substance dualism
    P1) Experience, the subject, is a conscious event that is informative and coherent
    C1) So, there must be a substance, the object, that contains the information and is coherent#1
    P2) The object cannot directly perceive its content, the information#2
    MoK

    I think I can see what you're trying to prove here, but it's very garbled. The first three terms, 'experience, subject, conscious event' are all very philosophically thick terms that by themselves have been subject to volumes of literature. Conjoining them in such a dense sentence doesn't do justice to their meaning.

    So, is 'the subject' an 'event'? I would think not, because 'events' exist in time, they have a discrete beginning and end. Subjects of experience are different from events on those grounds in that they are persistent through time and even through changes of state. Experiences are undergone by the subject, and they are coherent insofar as the subject is able to integrate them with their previous experiences, so that we know how to interpret the experience.

    Notice that 'Substance' in philosophy has a completely different meaning than it does in regular discourse. Generally 'substance' is a 'material with uniform properties' (e.g. a liquid substance, a metal substance etc). In philosophy, the word has a different meaning. It was introduced as the Latin 'substantia' in translation for the Greek 'ousia', which is nearer in meaning to 'being' or 'subject'.

    In many discussions of 'substance' in philosophy, this distinction is lost, leading to the question of what kind of 'substance' the mind might be, which is an absurd question. It is the fatal flaw in Cartesian dualism, one which Descartes himself could never answer. The mind is not a 'thinking thing' in any sense other than the metaphorical. Reducing it to a 'thinking substance' is an absurdity. (This is why Aristotle's matter-form dualism retains a plausibility that Cartesian dualism never exhibited.)

    As for the translation of 'ousia', see Joe Sachs' IEP entry on Aristotelian Metaphysics.

    a word designed by the anti-Aristotelian Augustine to mean a low and empty sort of being turns up in our translations of the word whose meaning Aristotle took to be the highest and fullest sense of being. Descartes, in his Meditations, uses the word substance only with his tongue in his cheek; Locke explicitly analyzes it as an empty notion of an I-don’t-know-what; and soon after the word is laughed out of the vocabulary of serious philosophic endeavor. It is no wonder that the Metaphysics ceased to have any influence on living thinking: its heart had been cut out of it by its friends.Aristotle's Metaphysics, IEP

    However, a thermostat "perceives" the temperatureBanno

    Notice the scare quotes. Obviously the reaction of a thermostat to the environment is just that - an energetic reaction which can be described entirely in physical terms. But is absent the semiotic or interpretive dimension that characterises the most rudimentary forms of organic life. In other words, it is never intentional.
  • Donald Trump (All General Trump Conversations Here)
    AMERICANS ARE LIVING IN TRUMP’S DREAM

    In Ursula Le Guin’s novel The Lathe of Heaven, George Orr wakes to discover that he has the power to control reality through his dreams. Each night while he sleeps, the world changes in profound and unexpected ways. In the morning, Orr alone remembers reality as it was. Soon, Orr (named, one would assume, for George Orwell) finds himself under the care of a psychiatrist, who, realizing that Orr has these powers, tries to use them to turn the world into a utopia. This does not go well for the world.

    It doesn’t go well because dreams have their own logic. They are nonlinear and to some degree nonsensical, and so directing oneself to dream of world peace may result in an alien invasion. Technically the dream has been fulfilled. Earthlings have stopped fighting with one another, but only because all of Earth is now ruled by an alien species. In this new dream reality, a world ruled by aliens becomes the only world you have ever known.

    That is what the American experience is beginning to feel like in 2025: Not as if we are living in President Donald Trump’s reality, but as if we are living in his dream. As the showrunner and director of TV shows including Fargo, Legion, and the upcoming Alien: Earth, I think a lot about how audiences navigate the tension between horror and the absurd. Now we’re all in this liminal space of the president’s devising.

    When the Trump administration pretends that the three branches of government are not and never have been equal, it creates a state of unreality in the minds of everyday Americans, similar to that of a dreamer in a dream. When the president and his proxies ignore both laws passed by Congress and Supreme Court decisions, they seek to replace the vérité of our shared history and experience with a fantasy, turning the stabilizing force of precedent into the quicksand of dream.

    Only in a dream could the bicycle you’re riding become a pony. But if you tell the pony in the dream that he used to be a bicycle, he will deny it. I’ve always been a pony, he will say. And because this is a dream, you will accept that. But what if you’re awake and your government is doing things and saying things that seem nonsensical? What are you supposed to think when you search for the Gulf of Mexico on Google Maps and discover that it no longer exists? What happens if, as a next step, the history books are revised to erase all records of the name? In this new reality, that body of water has only ever been called the “Gulf of America.” You can imagine the argument that will happen years from now, where you swear there was once a Gulf of Mexico, but, for the life of you, you just can’t prove it.

    Over the past two months, the rule of law in this country has been replaced by the rule of whim. The whim is not just that of one man but of a loose cabal of Cabinet members and “special advisers” who are combining revenge fantasies with small-government dreams, xenophobic visions, and cryptocurrency delusions. And so former national-security officials have had their security clearances revoked, government agencies have been fed into the wood chipper, “alien enemies” have been deported despite a judge’s court order, and a vaccine denier and pseudoscience champion has been confirmed as the secretary of Health and Human Services.

    The only thing these dreamers have in common is that they want to control reality itself, to rewrite the past, present, and future simultaneously. Their actions create a maelstrom of daily news and revisionist history that the mind struggles to combine into a coherent reality. As a result, we are moving from a waking state to a dream state, where logic is flexible and anything can happen.

    The movie Inception introduced us to a world in which corporate spies infiltrate the dreams of CEOs. Once inside, they steal secrets or, in the central action of the film, seek to implant an idea that the dreamer will, upon waking, turn into a reality. Inception, as they call this process, is considered almost impossible because of how difficult it is to make someone believe that an outside idea is their own. In this framework, however, the logic of the waking world is distinctly different from that of the dream. It assumes a waking world in which things make sense. Where facts have meaning. Not a world whose richest man brandishes a chain saw onstage and hires teenagers nicknamed “Big Balls” to gut the federal government, while the president of the United States reposts an AI video of the Gaza Strip as a luxury resort destination.

    Inception did not envision a world in which only dream logic exists even when the dreamer is awake; a world where the federal government is trying to both shut down the Department of Education and weaponize it in order to remake how and what children in this country are taught. A world in which the president signs an executive order invoking the Alien Enemies Act against immigrants from Venezuela, even though the country is not at war with Venezuela. In the administration’s dream logic, the executive order itself creates a preexisting state of war, allowing it to issue the order. The logic is circular. Without being at war, the administration cannot use the act to justify the deportations. Or whatever. The bicycle is a pony. The logic is dream logic.

    In the past century, authors in Russia, China, and other countries with totalitarian regimes have written about how absurd life becomes under autocracy. But until you experience it yourself, you can’t fully comprehend the illogic of it—or, I should say, the dream logic of it. It is a feeling as much as an idea, a surreal sense of unreality, from which the dreamer wills himself to wake up.

    As the Austrian-born psychologist Bruno Bettelheim wrote about life under fascism: “Thus has tyranny robbed men of their sleep and pursued them even in their dreams.”

    In this warped reality, rather than dreading sleep, we begin to dread waking up, because every day there is a new dream, one that, like George Orr’s, threatens to fracture our reality yet again. Our job over the next four years is to remember what life was like before the dream so that one day we can make the world a logical place again.
    — Noah Hawley, The Atlantic, 24 Mar 2025
  • If our senses can be doubted...why can't the contents our of thoughts too?
    Of course, such states of pure consciousness are exceedingly difficult to realise in practice, but in Eastern lore, they are amply documented. The difficulty being, from a philosophical perspective, that they're all well outside the bounds of discursive reason.
    — Wayfarer

    I started to write "Yes" but then I asked myself, "Well, why exactly?" What's so exceptional about such a claim that puts it outside anything we can reason about? Is the experience itself seen as so esoteric as to defy description, and perhaps credulity? This may be a Western bias.
    J

    I was responding to:

    My understanding is that an experienced meditator would agree that there is indeed no "I" remaining -- but this does not show that consciousness requires an object. For pure consciousness is said to remain, even in the absence of the "I" and its objectsJ

    That’s what caused me to mention Franklin Merrell-Wolff, as he has written on the theme of ‘consciousness without an object’. I can’t really recommend his books, they're not particularly good reads, but I do recognize in him a re-statement of the fundamental theme of Advaita Vedanta:

    Wolff found himself being in a state of euphoric consciousness he called the "Current of Ambrosia", which he described as being "above time, space and causality".Wikipedia

    I think it's well understood that meditative states may induce or lead to radically different cognitive modes in which things appear in a very different light. That is now being explored through the scientific study of meditation and mindfulness practises (I've acquired a copy of the Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Meditation although I've barely dipped into it yet. )

    So to try and tackle your question as to why these insights elude discursive analysis, I think it's because such states require a deep kind of concentration and inner tranquility which is removed from the normal human state. Hence the emphasis on askesis and self-training in the contemplative traditions. Part of this, as noted by others, is the attenuation or dimunition of the sense of self or 'me and mine', which is the typical but implicit background of so much of our mental lives.
  • Donald Trump (All General Trump Conversations Here)
    During this report, you can hear Pete Hegseth waxing furious about the so-called Clinton Private Server scandal a few years back (at around 2:26):



    "Should be fired on the spot!"
  • Donald Trump (All General Trump Conversations Here)
    A philosophical point: not every story has two sides. The current political situation in America has ostensibly two sides, Republican and Democrat. But the current ruling party is built on a foundation of lies, the suppression of fact, and the disregard and deprecation of laws. The other side is a regular, if ineffective, political party, attempting to operate as an opposition whilst staying inside the law.

    As was put in a recent podcast, the current ruling elite is protected by the law, but not bound by it, whereas its opponents are bound by the law, but no longer protected by it, due to the purging of the ranks of law enforcement of those not loyal to the President, and his bullying of the legal profession so as to discourage their legal representation. It is unequal in all respects, and becoming more so every day.

    So the current political situation is not a story with two morally equivalent sides. Important to remember.
  • The Musk Plutocracy
    That said, no, this will not prevent skills and knowledge being handed on to further generations. That doesn't even strike me as a possible outcome. Could you explain?AmadeusD

    Sure - many of those who have been selected for immediate dismissal across all these Departments were probationary employees with a year or less on the job. Meaning that they were the people being trained to take the reins when older employees retired. And their ranks have been decimated. The IRS is a particularly egregious example, considering how much Republicans kvetch about debt and deficit. You'd think they would give priority to an effective tax department, but no.

    You seem to be challenging others to prove to you that Musk and Trump are doing enormous damage to the fabric of federal public services. If you read the media coverage, it is abundantly obvious what is happening. I'm not going to waste time trying to explain it further.
  • If our senses can be doubted...why can't the contents our of thoughts too?
    It's interesting that serious meditation practice, especially in Hinduism and Buddhism, makes this point vivid. My understanding is that an experienced meditator would agree that there is indeed no "I" remaining -- but this does not show that consciousness requires an object. For pure consciousness is said to remain, even in the absence of the "I" and its objects. Of course we're free to raise an eyebrow at that, but there's a lot of testimony to the validity of this experience.J

    There's an interesting character, rather obscure, called Franklin Merrell Wolff. He was a Harvard and Yale-educated maths prodigy who underwent a profound realisation, along the lines of Advaita Vedanta, and thereafter wrote on esoteric philosophy.

    In his book Pathways Through to Space, Wolff describes having a profound spiritual realization in 1936, which provided the basis for his transcendental philosophy. It was induced "in a context of sustained reflective observation and deep thought," rather than by the usual practice of meditation. He called this experience the "Fundamental Realization". In its aftermath, Wolff found himself being in a state of euphoric consciousness he called the "Current of Ambrosia", which he described as being "above time, space and causality". It also led Wolff to a state of "High Indifference", or consciousness without an object. At the center of these experiences was the realization of "Primordial consciousness", which, according to Wolff, is beyond and prior to the subject or the object and is unaffected by their presence or absence.Wikipedia

    Something similar can be found in the early Buddhist texts (and notwithstanding the doctrinal differences between Vedanta and Buddhism.) The meditator is said to ascend through the various 'stages of jhana' which include 'states of neither perception nor non-perception. Of course, such states of pure consciousness are exceedingly difficult to realise in practice, but in Eastern lore, they are amply documented. The difficulty being, from a philosophical perspective, that they're all well outside the bounds of discursive reason.
  • Donald Trump (All General Trump Conversations Here)
    So, typical of MAGA world, Clinton's private email use was an outrage to national security, she should have been jailed. But when Trump's own National Security Adviser uses a non-sanctioned comms channel and adds a journalist to it - why, everyone makes mistakes! No biggie! He's a real patriot. Won't do that again.

    Hypocrisy, thy name is GOP.
  • Epistemic Stances and Rational Obligation - Parts One and Two
    I was tentatively interested but too much reading required. Pincock and his ilk are pretty heavy hitters.
  • Donald Trump (All General Trump Conversations Here)
    A couple of significant current articles:

    President Donald Trump is escalating his multi-front assault on what supporters see as an elite establishment, using raw presidential power to bend the government, law, media, public health, foreign policy, education and even the arts to his will.

    Trump left no doubt in last year’s campaign that he’d use executive authority to seek retribution against his political enemies. But his attempt to transform America’s politics and culture is far broader than a personal revenge trip.

    He’s targeting Ivy League universities; using executive authority against top law firms; eviscerating the bureaucracy; rejecting 80 years of elite orthodoxy about American global leadership; and using tariffs to shatter the global trading system that Make America Great Again proponents regard as the self-enriching treachery of global elites. ....

    His program mirrors the goals of Project 2025, the playbook for conservative presidential leadership that Trump disowned during his campaign but that now helps explain the policy decisions of his administration. “The next conservative president must possess the courage to relentlessly put the interests of the everyday American over the desires of the ruling elite,” Heritage Foundation President Kevin Roberts wrote in the foreword of the document. “Their outrage cannot be prevented; it must simply be ignored, and it can be.”
    CNN

    Hard to see how anything Trump does is in 'the interests of everyday Americans', when it seems obvious that he's mostly interested in serving the ruling elite that he is inserting into every rung of American governance and culture.

    Mr. Trump and his advisers have ushered the country into a new era of post-truth politics, where facts are contested and fictions used to pursue policy goals.NY Times - Trump Fuels a ‘Machinery’ of Misinformation

    A presidency built on the ground of mendacity, where lies and deception are institutionalised and propagated from the highest levels of Government.

    Finally, a major security breach courtesy some sloppy IT admin from the White House:

    US officials reacted with shock— and in many cases, horror — to revelations in The Atlantic that top members of President Donald Trump’s Cabinet sent detailed operational plans and other likely highly classified information about US military strikes on Yemen to a group thread on a messaging app to which a reporter had accidentally been added.

    The Trump administration acknowledged the messages, sent over the nongovernment encrypted chat app Signal, seem to be authentic without offering any explanation for why senior officials were discussing national defense information outside of approved classified government systems.
    CNN

    Who remembers the faux outrage over the Hilary Private Server emails?
  • The infinite in Hegel's philosophy
    The thing in itself is constructed by Kant, as a product of his dualistic thinking. There is no 'thing in itself'. 'A world of the unknown' is contradictory because how can we know of such a 'world' and in what way would something posited as absolutely unknown, constitute a world?Tobias

    I would be interested in your view of this interpretation: I understand the in-itself to refer to the world (or object) prior to or outside the way it appears to the observer. We don't see the world (or object) as it is in itself, because the very act of perceiving requires that what is seen has been assimilated by the observer as an appearance. So the 'in itself' is not anything, but it's not a 'mysterious entity' or 'unknown thing'.

    As per this interpretation:

    Kant's introduced the concept of the “thing in itself” to refer to reality as it is independent of our experience of it and unstructured by our cognitive constitution. The concept was harshly criticized in his own time and has been lambasted by generations of critics since. A standard objection to the notion is that Kant has no business positing it given his insistence that we can only know what lies within the limits of possible experience. But a more sympathetic reading is to see the concept of the “thing in itself” as a sort of placeholder in Kant's system; it both marks the limits of what we can know and expresses a sense of mystery that cannot be dissolved, the sense of mystery that underlies our unanswerable questions.Emrys Westacott

    There's also the much-overlooked distinction in Kant's texts between the in-itself and the noumenal. They're not synonyms.
  • Australian politics
    At least it keeps some fresh blood running into the big media's collapsing advertising veins.kazan

    I’m afraid to say nothing about Clive Palmer is fresh. Everything about him is stale, verging on putrid. That media organisations have to feed off his hubris is disappointing in the extreme.

    Also tired smile.
  • Australian politics
    Yeah we definitely need a trade and goods commissar to predict demand and determine production and pricing for the working folk.
  • Are International Human Rights useless because of the presence of National Constitutions?
    A single sentence does not make an original post. If it's worth stating, it's worth spending at least a bit of time on spelling out an argument. See How to Write an OP.
  • The infinite in Hegel's philosophy
    The processes by which the world shows itself are the same as the operations of thought. 'Substance as subject'.Tobias

    The 'substance' of Aristotelian philosophy resulted from the Latin translation of the Greek 'ouisia' . But ‘ouisua’ is the Greek verb meaning 'to be'. So the meaning of 'substance' in philosophy was originally nearer than 'subject' or ‘being’ than the usual meaning of the word, which is ‘a material with uniform properties.’

    Furthermore, the general idea of the 'unity of mind and world' receives support both from classical metaphysics and also current cognitive science (per Charles Pinter's 'Mind and the Cosmic Order'.)
  • Donald Trump (All General Trump Conversations Here)
    WASHINGTON — A federal judge on Thursday ordered the Trump administration to reinstate tens of thousands of fired federal employees across six agencies, calling their terminations “unlawful.”

    U.S. District Judge William Alsup ruled that the Trump administration must immediately reinstate all of the probationary employees it fired from the departments of Defense, Treasury, Agriculture, Energy, Interior and Veterans Affairs.

    The mass firings of federal workers were a “sham” effort by the Office of Personnel Management ― the human resources agency of the federal government ― to skirt laws in order to drastically reduce the size of the federal workforce, Alsup said. ....

    The White House has already signaled it will appeal the ruling.

    “A single judge is attempting to unconstitutionally seize the power of hiring and firing from the Executive Branch. The President has the authority to exercise the power of the entire executive branch — singular district court judges cannot abuse the power of the entire judiciary to thwart the President’s agenda,” White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt said in a statement.
    Judge Orders Trump To Reinstate Thousands of Fired Employees At 6 Agencies

    This is another example of the use of amorphous terms such as 'The President's Agenda' to rationalise actions that Federal Judges have found illegal and unconstitutional on various grounds. Here, what has happened is that the Federal OPM (Office of Personnel Management) database was used by DOGE to send a mass email to thousands of employees firing them on the grounds of 'performance', when no review of performance had been taken into account. Furthermore the Judge ruled that the OPM is itself not the hiring or firing agency for these positions, which is properly the agencies themselves:

    More than 5,000 probationary employees who were fired from the Department of Agriculture got their jobs back last week, after a government employee oversight board found they were illegally terminated. The decision by that panel, the Merit Systems Protection Board, came after it had restored the jobs of six federal employees at other agencies who had been similarly and haphazardly fired by the Trump administration.

    Both of those decisions came down after Alsup ruled earlier this month that OPM had no authority to direct federal agencies to fire their employees — something it had been doing for weeks — and that its actions likely were illegal. That ruling led to OPM abruptly walking back its directive to agencies to fire people, and instead contorting its previous guidance to suggest it had been up to agencies all along to fire people.

    and

    In several instances, the President has scrambled to rehire federal employees he had just fired ― not because of a court order, but because it turns out we need experts on things like nuclear weapons, bird flu and park management.

    Last week, more than 180 probationary employees who were fired from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were reinstated.

    In an email with the subject line, “Read this e-mail immediately,” these dozens of previously fired CDC workers were told they could return to work “after further review and consideration.”

    “We apologize for any disruption that this may have caused,” read the email.

    These cases, and the Venezualan expatriation flights, are the real frontlne of the confrontation between Trump and the Judiciary. It's perfecly obvious that Trump views the law and the judiciary as impediments to his imperial will and as sources of irritation and frustration on those grounds.

    21-pol-on-politics-newsletter-chainsaw-topitem-cwtf-jumbo-v2.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp
    'The Doctor Will See You Now'
  • Do you wish you never existed?
    'Wishing for non-existence' is nihilism. It's very common, but it solves nothing. The causes of existence are deep and cannot be wished away.
  • Epistemic Stances and Rational Obligation - Parts One and Two
    Pincock distinguishes Franklin’s epistemic stance from another one that Franklin might have taken. He might have said, “I’m disposed to claim to know L when I have this kind of evidence. It’s just what I do, or what seems best to me; others may do differently.” For Pincock, this wouldn’t give Franklin reasons for his claim that L. Pincock asks us to imagine how this “non-theoretical” Franklin would respond to a challenge to his claim about L: He has nothing at his disposal that would count as a reason for others to adopt, so he would have to be silent in the face of his challengers. The actual Franklin, though, scientific realist that he was, can reply with an account that involves how evidence is connected to knowledge claims.J

    There is an unstated allegory lurking behind this example, or so it seems to me. Here the effect of an electrical impulse on the key is an allegory for scientific explanation in general which relies on reasoning to the best explanation. The best explanation for the particular observation in this case is the effect of lightning on the key. This is a very specific situation with an identifiable causal sequence. It seems to me that the alternative presented by the 'non-realist' Franklin would be more typical of a more general, or a less specific, type of problem. An example would be instrumentalism in atomic physics. As is well known, instrumentalism keeps shtum about what kind of entity is being measured by observation (wave or particle?) Consequently it doesn't offer a thesis about the ultimate nature of what is being observed, only that 'this kind of observation produces this measurement outcome'. In this context, the anti-realist attitude that 'we can't really account for why we get this outcome' is quite reasonable. You could say that it leaves the question open (which is also a commendable scientific attitude in my view). By conflating pragmatic coherence with rational obligation, Pincock oversimplifies the range of legitimate epistemic responses. Instrumentalism, for instance, operates within a perfectly coherent rational framework yet explicitly avoids metaphysical commitments—a stance that clearly avoids the "pragmatic incoherence" Pincock accuses voluntarists of.
  • Epistemic Stances and Rational Obligation - Parts One and Two
    Once the interpretation of terms like "fact" or "evidence" become dependent on an epistemic stance, we have to look for an interpretative truth that is outside the stance itself. How do we find it?J

    It requires a philosophical stance that doesn’t axiomatically take the human situation as an end in and of itself, and so is not so solely beholden to the aims of instrumental reason. In other words philosophy that questions existence against a broader context. It must be concerned with what matters, Tillich’s ‘questions of ultimate concern.’ Of course one must not then be so vain as to believe that such an unconditional imperative be the subject of merely propositional knowledge (for the reasons Wittgenstein gives.) And that sounds rather like a belief, doesn't it?

    As for realism and anti-realism, I'm generally an advocate for the latter, but I find the peremptory description of 'anti-realist' unsatisfactory. For me, it signifies a stance which recognises the unavoidable subjectivity of judgement, even in the most apparently objective of cases. (This was the main subject of discussion in the thread on Sebastian Rödl.) Anyway, an antirealist may be perfectly realistic in the pragmatic sense of observing conventions, obeying laws, and so on. An anti-realist doesn't necessarily think that s/he can leap from heights and not be affected by gravity. Antirealism simply points out the fact that scientific judgement is always reliant on conditions and exclusions (i.e. the selection of what exactly is the subject of analysis). Even the most universally-applicable of scientific principles pertain to a specific set of phenomena. So drawing conclusions from them about 'the nature of reality' in a more general or philosophical sense, is precisely where realism begins to blur into scientism.