No peace in Europe until Russia goes through a path of repentance
Op-Ed, Alexandre Rodnianski, Ukrainian film director and producer, Le Monde
One hundred years ago, the first of the five "philosophers' ships" left St. Petersburg for Germany, carrying hundreds of intellectuals expelled from Soviet Russia, including the famous philosophers and scientists Nikolai Berdyaev, Sergei Bulgakov, Ivan Ilyin, Vladimir Lossky and many others. This phrase -- "ship of philosophers" -- served as a metaphor for the intellectual catastrophe that Russia endured.
One hundred years later, another boat has come into focus: "Russian military ship, fuck you!" […] It has become the most popular meme of the present time. And the metaphor of the courageous resistance of Ukrainians.
Boutcha, Irpine, Hostomel... The pictures of the streets of these quiet villages that the Russian army left, as well as their names, have become synonymous with the war crimes of Putin's Russia. The atrocious images have been shown around the world: dozens of inhabitants shot in the streets in front of their houses, in the courtyards and on the sidewalks, some with their hands tied, some with a bullet in the head, others with traces of torture on their bodies, the numerous testimonies of collective rape of women...
These images made me lose the gift of speech. And I felt that I was losing the right to speak about "Russian culture". Like all those who are from this milieu. Why?
"Writing a poem after Auschwitz is barbaric," Theodor Adorno seems to have said. After Boutcha, I felt that it was unnecessary to talk about Russian culture anymore. And for the same reason: that of not having prevented the Russian from falling into barbarism, savagery, bestiality. Many people in the cultural world felt guilty as well.
I can't stop thinking about the nature of violence, about the emergence of the beast in the average human being, about what authorizes him to rape a fifteen-year-old girl with his friends, to shoot peaceful residents riding their bicycles through their town, to kill unarmed passers-by with a bullet in the back of their heads.
Why, I asked myself, did nothing prevent the transformation of ordinary people into murderers? Not the school, not the parents, not the culture? [...]
I know Russia and the people who live there.
And I will say what I have seen there in the last few years: the Russian military and police forces were behaving in Russia as the Russian soldiers behaved in Butcha...
Not long ago, the organization
Gulagu.net ("No to the Gulag") started to publish video archives of torture in Russian prisons. But the torture did not take place only in these prisons. Russian police beat and abused Russian citizens for years, scalding some, raping others with broomsticks. A new word has appeared in Russian: "bottling", which means "raping with a bottle". You can imagine the level of violence in a society where this word appears.
All life in Russia was marked by this violence - just look at the epidemic of domestic violence against women that spread throughout the country.
Demonstrators were arrested, tried under false pretences, thrown into prison, tortured, forced to leave the country. The "lucky" ones were fined millions of rubles for violations of the law that they had not committed. They were threatened to take away their children, ruined their businesses and were deprived of their livelihood. Not to mention the constant insults and persecutions they were subjected to every day.
This was the famous "Russian world" that the Russians tested first. Then, in a much more tragic form, the peaceful Ukrainians of Boutcha, Irpine, Borodianka.
[...] All the fault lies with the corrupt, cynical, cruel Russian political regime. The totalitarian system that disregards human rights, flouts the law and annihilates free discussion. The responsibility lies with the country's irremovable leader, with the elite and those who benefit from the material well-being of the oil windfall, with the millions of citizens who blindly support the unjust order of things.
And yes: the responsibility also lies with Russian culture, for not having "prevented" the transformation of many human beings into creatures devoid of empathy, for not having "opposed" humanism and humanity to the descent into barbarism and savagery. That it has not "been able to do".
[But] contemporary Russian culture is extremely varied: it is in it that official imperialist resentment and the free and protesting spirit clash. All contemporary Russian culture, famous all over the world, was born under the bludgeons of the police, under the cries of disapproval of society: it was born in spite of the power and is, almost entirely, opposed to Putin.
The selections of the biggest film festivals have always included honest accounts of the current state of affairs in Russia. These were films that spoke about the real problems of the country, about the hardships of everyday Russian life, about injustice, corruption and arbitrariness, about the attempts of ordinary people to fight against the powerful inhuman system.
This is what the films of Zviaguintsev, Sokurov, Balagov or Serebrennikov were about, directors who have been spat on many times by the official Russian media and listed as "traitors and enemies of the people". Their films were released on a limited number of copies, were not shown on television and were not financed by the state.
And today there are demands to boycott these films...
But were they the ones who raised a generation of soldiers who obediently carried out cruel orders? Are these the films that the "heroes" of Boutcha and Irpine have seen over and over again? In the lives of those who committed the Boutcha massacre, the role of culture was more than minimal. They grew up in poverty, in a country where power is worshipped and the right of the "strongest" is respected, in the habit of violence.
This is also where the generation of cynical, deceitful and lying politicians, propagandists and military men came from, the generation of those they created, raised and trained: gloating punks, nostalgic for the "iron fist" and the "huge country".
And only the incisive culture has opposed the imperial matrix that has been self-replicating through the centuries. Its thousands of viewers and readers have resisted totalitarianism -- and continue to do so.
Peace in Europe will not prevail until Russia has walked the path of repentance and rebirth. Ukraine will not feel safe until then -- and neither will Russia's other neighbors.
This is the path that Germany took seventy years ago. And it was the true German culture that helped it to meet this difficult challenge. At that time, no one talked about boycotting those who fought against Nazism - such as Thomas Mann or Bertolt Brecht - or even the Nobel Prize winner for literature Gerhart Hauptmann, whom Goebbels liked so much.
And today, only the authentic Russian culture can serve as a support to help change the country. And definitely to put the imperial matrix out of action.
Today, two ships have left Russia: the "Russian military ship" and the "ship of philosophers". It is very important to shoot one of them without sinking the other.