What is the best description of the “Gettier Problem”?


a. An argument against the principle of deductive closure for justification: If S believes P justifiedly and P implies Q, then S believes Q justifiedly.

b. An argument against the logical principle of existential generalization: F(a) implies that there is something that is F.

c. A form of skepticism about knowledge that arises in workplace scenarios.


d. The apparent problem that the JTB account of knowledge does not have the correct extension; and the attending challenge of figuring out what the missing ingredient is.