• tim wood
    8.8k
    The following, from The Unity of Philosophical Experience, Gilson, 1948, is an elegantly concise summation of a big part of Kant's thinking. Though just a little bit long, it's worth the trouble because the thinking is worth the effort.

    "The technical language of Kant is hard to master, but it is a great help to those who have once mastered it. Let us say, therefore, with him that man has both sensibility and understanding; and that sensibility itself immediately perceives given reality through two a priori forms - space and time. These forms are said to be a priori because we do not derive them from things, but impose them on things; the forms of our knowledge of reality make it an object of knowledge, and are therefore also forms of experience itself.

    "Now our understanding is similarly equipped with a priori principles, such as the notions of substance, or of causality, by which it connects the various objects given to us in space and time. These principles of understanding - the so-called categories - are no more derived from things than are space and time themselves; as Kant says, they are transcendent in respect of things; they are not drawn from experience, they make it.

    "This very property of the principles of understanding, being the condition of all sensible experience, is likely to be the source of a dangerous illusion. As they can deal with really perceived objects, so can they also deal with our concepts of things, as if these concepts were themselves real things - which they are not. The transcendent nature of the principles of understanding thus becomes the source of what Kant calls the transcendental illusion. It is an illusion because, instead of connecting real objects together by means of concepts, we are then connecting concepts together by means of abstract ideas, and yet we believe that we are still dealing with things. It is a transcendental illusion because its very possibility is due to the fact that the principles of human understanding are not borrowed from any particular objects, but transcendent in respect of all possible objects.

    "When applied to sensible intuitions, these principles give birth to scientific knowledge, which is the proper work of understanding; when applied to scientific concepts, they beget abstract ideas, and metaphysics, which is the proper work of reason. Thus devoid of concrete objects, metaphysics is both necessary and empty. It is necessary, because we cannot stop our understanding or prevent it from thinking in a vacuum; thus converted into reason, it will prove anything. But it is also empty, precisely because it will prove everything: that there is no God and that there is a God; that there is no soul and there is a soul; that the world has a unity and that the world has no unity.

    "As soon as the principles of understanding 'transcend all the limits of experience and therefore withdraw themselves from all empirical tests,' reason is bound to become 'the battlefield of these endless controversies which is called metaphysic....

    "By generalizing on Hume's observation concerning the principle of causality, he came to the conclusion that scientific knowledge would be absolutely impossible unless such principles were considered not as derived from experience, which had been Hume's mistake, but as originating in pure understanding. By thus shifting from experience to the intellectual conditions of experience, Kant hoped to achieve a three-fold result: first, to rescue science from scepticism; secondly, to rid metaphysics of its pretensions to the title of objective knowledge; third, to make it clear that though a mere illusion, metaphysics was an inevitable illusion" (230-232).
    -------
    The next step for anyone interested is the two prefaces to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. This is along the road not to disagree with or argue with or dismiss Kant, but to attempt to understand some of his ideas, necessary for any engagement with Kant's thought.
  • Wayfarer
    21k
    That's a pretty good summary of the antinomies of reason. Notice that there have been several scholars who have noticed resemblances with the 'undeclared questions' of Buddhism:

    Kant's Antinomies of Reason:

    The first antinomy (of space and time)
    Thesis: The world has a beginning in time, and is also limited as regards space.
    Anti-thesis: The world has no beginning, and no limits in space; it is infinite as regards both time and space.

    The second antinomy (of atomism)
    Thesis: every composite substance in the world is made up of simple parts, and nothing anywhere exists save the simple or what is composed of the simple.
    Anti-thesis: No composite thing in the world is made up of simple parts, and there nowhere exists in the world anything simple.

    The dynamical antinomies
    The third antinomy (of spontaneity and causal determinism)
    Thesis: Causality in accordance with laws of nature is not the only causality from which the appearances of the world can one and all be derived. To explain these appearances it is necessary to assume that there is also another causality, that of Spontaneity.
    Anti-thesis: There is no Spontaneity; everything in the world takes place solely in accordance with laws of nature.
    The fourth antinomy (of necessary being or not)
    Thesis:There belongs to the world, either as its part or as its cause, a being that is absolutely necessary.
    Anti-thesis: An absolutely necessary being nowhere exists in the world, nor does it exist outside the world as its cause.

    The Undeclared Questions of Buddhism:

    The world is eternal.
    The world is not eternal.
    The world is (spatially) infinite.
    The world is not (spatially) infinite.
    The being imbued with a life force [i.e. 'the soul'] is identical with the body.
    The being imbued with a life force is not identical with the body.
    The Tathagata (the Buddha) exists after death.
    The Tathagata does not exist after death.
    The Tathagata both exists and does not exist after death.
    The Tathagata neither exists nor does not exist after death.

    This was explored at length by T R V Murti in a 1955 book called The Central Philosophy of Buddhism (referring to Madhyamika; see e.g. here). Murti has rather fallen out of favour in the opinion of later Buddhist studies academics, but it was the first book through which I encountered Kant and my thesis supervisor for Buddhist Studies still recommends it.
  • tim wood
    8.8k
    Herodotus (that Herodotus) made a throwaway remark about the Nile's flooding and the silt deposited. He reasoned that if so much silt had been deposited as a matter of record - which was the case - then in 12,000 years, it would.... Herodotus, c. 450 BC, thinking in terms of 12,000 years?! Roman numerals hadn't been invented yet. Zero wasn't a gleam in any mathematician's eye! Or maybe it was, which is kind of the point. I am generally satisfied that most new ideas aren't new at all. Maybe in new clothes, new significance, but not themselves really new. The Pythagorean theorem, the schoolboy's friend, was old when Pythagoras got hold of it. The Egyptians had long used a form of it - the particular 3-4-5 form. Maybe Pythagoras was the one who generalized it - mathematized it - or not. But certainly most thinking post, say, 1000 AD had earlier precursors. In all areas of thought. Can't prove it, but it surfaces as a fact when you look closely enough.
  • tim wood
    8.8k
    Exactly: knowledge by assumption, more charitably called practical knowledge. You do know some Kant, yes? if you do, then it's foolish of me to rehearse it, and if you don't, then reading PF is not the remedy, although the OP would be a start. But insofar as we're assuming, I'll assume you know some Kant. If you do, what's your point?

    The trouble with assumption is if that's your foundation, then you can build anything you want on it; that is, you can prove anything you want, perhaps a fun but soon enough an empty game.
  • tim wood
    8.8k
    So, it seems like Kant's game is fun but empty.Πετροκότσυφας
    But Kant has faith; reason shows it to him. What do you have? The question isn't trivial. The problem is the darkiness of terminal scepticism, or dressed up, materialism.
  • Wayfarer
    21k
    These principles of understanding - the so-called categories - are no more derived from things than are space and time themselves; as Kant says, they are transcendent in respect of things; they are not drawn from experience, they make it.tim wood


    It’s a pity this thread got derailed so quickly. I take some responsibility for that. But the above point is of crucial significance in understanding the relationship of science and philoosphy, and in my nine years of posting on philosophy forums, I reckon you could count on one hand the number of people who get it.
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