Hi all,

(1) I read today in a paper that if one gives up the asymmetry of a relation, one will also have to give up "at least one of irreflexivity or transitivity". But how can we prove this ? I am especially concerned by the move from symmetry to non-transitivity.

(2) Some, in the literature on metaphysical grounding, contend that an irreflexive, asymmetric, but non-transitive relation might form loops. Instances of the relation, it is said, would form chains "double-backing" of themselves. I have a lot of trouble to grasp what this is supposed to mean, or how we could illustrate this principle. The best I can think of is something of the like : aRb, bRc, cRd, dRa. But here, my intuition is rather that a loop is introduced by transitivity (and not by non-transitivity). Isn't it because R is transitive that we may go all the way from a back to a ?

I should stress that I have no background in set theory, which is why I had a hard time to answer these question by looking up online.

Thanks in advance for your help
Philarete