Comments

  • Property Dualism
    Can't we monitor people's physiology - brain activity, heart etc - with specialized equipment designed specifically for this purpose, in relation to various stimuli, thereby building a huge database correlating physical processes with experiences?Pussycat

    We can monitor brainwaves, to a very minimal degree, distinguishing different frequencies as corresponding with different types of activities. But our knowledge of brainwaves is very primitive and the difficulty is in determining which frequencies are associated with which matter.

    https://news.mit.edu/2024/study-reveals-universal-pattern-brain-wave-frequencies-0118
  • Special Relativity and Absolute Frames of reference, always been non-issues?
    I cannot think of any view that suggests that you would. I may have suggested that you experience the time during which I was listening instead of being stuck experiencing only the time that you are talking.noAxioms

    I've experienced a lot of things in my life, but I really can't say that I know what it's like to experience time.

    You misunderstand. I am not asking for a determination of when that time is, only that you must inevitably be simultaneous with it at some point, unless you are skipping over swaths of timenoAxioms

    We don't know how time passes. If it exists as discrete quanta, then it's quite possible that the swaths which I experience are not the same as the swaths which you experience, and so there is no such simultaneity. We can't experience the same space at the same time, so why think that we could even experience the same time? Doesn't relativity indicate that the time experienced is unique to the spatial conditions of the individual?

    There is no way to know how long it takes for an actual hour to pass since one does not experience the actual flow of time, but rather one experiences proper time, same as what clocks measure.noAxioms

    I think that's an unsupported assumption about what "one experiences".
  • Special Relativity and Absolute Frames of reference, always been non-issues?
    Hasn't Eternalism also given itself numerous other unsolvable problems?substantivalism

    Yes both eternalism and presentism have problems. I find neither to be acceptable.

    You make it sound like you're stuck in a moment, and never experience the later time when I am 'listening'.noAxioms

    That's right, I do not experience you listening. And to determine what I am experiencing at the same time (simultaneously) as you listening requires principles of measurement. And here we run into the problems exposed by special relativity, and we are moved to accept the relativity of simultaneity. That is why presentism, which assumes the present of experience, does not necessarily lead to the assumption of an absolute present. Absolute present is a distinct principle, an assumption not supported by presentism.
  • Donald Trump (All Trump Conversations Here)
    It's like saying that the seller in a sale, profits more than the buyer.Benkei

    That's a good analogy. To value the cash paid for the goods as higher than the value of the goods, is to say the seller got a good deal. Likewise, to value the goods higher than the cash is to say that the buyer got a good deal. General economic principles must be based in an equivalence which represents "fair trade". To make the general statement that cash is more valuable than goods is simply faulty economics because it negates the possibility of fair trade.

    You might say that's fine because a rising tide raises all boats, and so everybody gets more wealthy. But that's not actually what happened. Real wages of workers in the West haven't grow much since the seventies, it's Western elites and Asia that has benefitted from the growth predominantly.ChatteringMonkey

    This statement is meaningless without a standard of real measurement. If one group of people is living in luxury while the other is living in poverty, it makes no sense to complain that the wages of those living in poverty rose while the wages of those living in luxury stayed the same.

    And there has always been capitalist "elites". When the elites already have more money than they could ever possibly spend, therefore are free to do what they want, what does "benefitting the elites" even mean?
  • Property Dualism
    But there must be a property there that can give rise to the "what it's like" of consciousness, because, if there isn't, then our subjective experience emerges for no reason.Patterner

    That's not a valid conclusion, because you allow that the particle's environment (the condition which it is in), such as hot or cold, also has causal influence over the properties which the object demonstrates. This means that some of the properties which an object displays must be caused by something other than the particles which constitute the object. Therefore "subjective experience" could come from something other than the properties of the particles which make up the object.
  • Special Relativity and Absolute Frames of reference, always been non-issues?
    The time of speaking and time of hearing are different, yes, but both those times are 'the present' when they occur, for everybody.noAxioms

    How do you draw that conclusion of "the present for everybody"? That's an unsupported assumption. My present is the time of speaking. Your present is the time of hearing. Where do you derive "the present for everybody"? You speak about light cones, and a worldline, but these are the tools of relativity which deny that assumption of an absolute simultaneity of "the present for everybody", and the worldline is arbitrary.
  • Donald Trump (All Trump Conversations Here)
    The best part, he's now negotiating from a position of weakness because he admits needing his allies and trade partners. What an insane loser.Benkei

    That's the way to deal with your partners, inflict as much pain as possible, in hopes that the partner will give you what you want to make you stop.
  • Special Relativity and Absolute Frames of reference, always been non-issues?
    Then how is it that some espouse it while being presentists and others such as William Lane Craig famously seemed to be in favor of it but with a growing block theory of time?substantivalism

    As I explained in my first post, presentism is not well suited for any physics, or universal cosmology. It's more suited to solipsism, though some may try to adapt it, like the example you provide.

    That may be your opinion but its most definitely not the opinion of most dissidents, philosophers, and physicists who have spilled ink on this topic usually using Lorentz aether theory as a vehicle for their intuitive presentist viewpoints. Even such people are fearful of action at distance to a point that it's better to propose something with peculiar properties than to propose nothing at all and say it's just distant disembodied action. Course, then the distant connections would be causal in nature through this 'aether' but instantaneous and truly symmetrical, reflexive, as well as transitive.substantivalism

    Again, these are attempts to adapt presentism, twist it and transform it in an attempt to make it fit with observed reality. But as you imply, it doesn't really work, producing unsolvable problems.

    Presentism requires absolutism, else simultaneity would not work.noAxioms

    Are you sure about this? Is there any presentist precept which dictates that my present must be the same as your present? I think not, and this is why presentism is sometimes described as a form of solipsism. Presentism allows that things (present) change over time, so why wouldn't things (present) change over space as well? Why would a thing here have the same present as a thing over there?

    The fundamental problem of presentism is that it cannot support any type of simultaneity, because it is based in the subjective experience of the present, which is inherently unshared. If, for example, I assume to be able to speak to you, I must allow that the present in which I speak the words is distinct from the present in which you hear the words, unless we get caught up in the instantaneous action at a distance which substantivalism mentions. But then each one of us is trapped within one's own present, being unable to say that another shares the same present. Special relativity demonstrates to us that we have no measurement technique which can put us in the same present.
  • Donald Trump (All Trump Conversations Here)
    The US runs persistent trade deficits because global investors funnel capital into the country.Benkei

    We ought to assume that Trump is informed, and actually knows this. Therefore we can ask what is his real intention behind the use of tariffs.

    So since this led us to this point, let's assume for a moment that this is the goal; getting rid of the dollar's reserve currency status.Benkei

    Trump is diabolical, but it's hard to jump to any conclusions about his intentions, other than the pure selfishness that he has consistently demonstrated throughout his life.

    In the end, everywhere I look, I only see inconsistencies, which means this has not been thought through.Benkei

    That's the selfishness showing through. Selfishness is very whimsical and often displays as a sort of trial and error behaviour. I think we can look at the successes and failures which he had in applying tariffs in his last term in office for indications of his intentions. I believe the intent is as indicates, he believes it gives him leverage in the "art of the deal".

    The selfish way of deal-making is to utilize one's power to inflict pain on the other, applying that force until the other gives you what you want. This selfish art of the "deal" is completely distinct from the friendly cooperation "deal", which is intended to be a "win-win" situation.
  • Special Relativity and Absolute Frames of reference, always been non-issues?
    There is the implication that to truly hold to SR you have to accept a form of spacetime realism of sorts and therefore also a form of eternalism. Fine. . . but the opposing position doesn't have to resort to postulating the existence of future/past states by supposing a universal Aether frame that can be seen as an objective present or a 'physical' absolute simultaneity marker.substantivalism

    I don't think that the universal aether theory proposed by Lorentz was capable of providing for absolute simultaneity. I think that's why it was rejected in favour of special relativity. It provided the same type of principles as relativity, but not as versatile.

    If they are postulating an absolute present. . . I.E. a way of giving an absolute simultaneity. . . then aren't they a presentist?substantivalism

    No, I don't think that is the case. Presentism, by most accounts is something different from claiming an absolute present. These two are distinct principles, by my understanding.

    Or are they just holding to a slightly different block theory of time than SR? Does that make presentism actually inconsistent with traditional Lorentz Aether theory?substantivalism

    Yes, I think Lorentz aether theory provides for a slightly different block theory of time from that of special relativity, but both are inconsistent with presentism. That is my opinion.
  • Property Dualism
    i'm saying there must be an explanation for our consciousness in the properties of the particles that we are made out of.Patterner

    You also deny this, by asserting that the environment of those particles is just as important, being "the conditions". The environment of the particles (the conditions), is not a property of the particles, but of a larger context, within which the particles exist.
  • Special Relativity and Absolute Frames of reference, always been non-issues?
    An absolute frame of reference is typically conjoined with a form of presentism or at least its implied to be so.substantivalism

    I don't think so. A frame of reference uses temporal extension to model motion. Presentism denies the possibility of temporal extension by assuming an incompatibility between the present (real) and the past and future (fictional).

    The "absolute frame of reference" represents an assumed true, absolute rest frame. When the geocentric model of the universe was proven to be false, human beings realized that they have no access to any "absolute rest frame". So relativity theory removed the need for one.

    Presentism is a philosophical position which really has no bearing on physical models of motion. All physics uses past observations to extend predictions into the future, thereby ignoring the present. So all forms of models made in physics are non-presentist.
  • Special Relativity and Absolute Frames of reference, always been non-issues?
    Wouldn't this then make the notion of an absolute frame altogether meaningless under a thin presentism?substantivalism

    The "absolute frame" is known as "absolute time", and this is quite different from presentism.
  • "Substance" in Philosophical Discourse

    I'd like to see that claimed contradiction. Where can I find it?
  • Property Dualism
    "Less heat" means the conditions have changed. The degree of heat is a condition. Initially, I described liquid water. Then I mentioned different conditions - less heat - under which the hydrogen bonds don't break as easily.Patterner

    So you do argue against what you claim. What's the point of making such claims then?
  • "Substance" in Philosophical Discourse
    What do you mean by "substantiated" if not proven? Scientific theories, much less philosophical claims, cannot be proven. Your apparent demand for absolute certainty (proof) leads if the logic is followed consistently to absolute skepticism. In that case just forget about claiming anything at all that is not analytically true or tautologous.Janus

    Scientific theories are proven through experimentation. To "substantiate" is to provide solid grounds for a claim. All science is proven (substantiated) in that way, or else it does not qualify as "science". Ideas which "seem plausible" do not qualify as science because these ideas are unsubstantiated, not proven by experimentation. The phrase "seem plausible" refers to an individual's attitudinal approach to the ideas rather than the soundness of the ideas. Therefore to accept such ideas, because they "seem plausible", is to demonstrate a lack of the philosophical skill known as critical thinking. To scoff at critical thinking, characterizing it as "absolute skepticism" demonstrates a significant attitudinal problem.

    So take Q to be the statement "mental processes are physical processes". Now, the two pieces of information I listed before - the chemical effect on mental processes, and the early foray into AI that we're witnessing - I think pretty reasonably raise the probability of Q, compared to what Q would be given the opposite observations. Opposite observations being, a hypothetical world in which chemically altering the neuronal environment DOESN'T affect thinking, and in which simulating neurons in a computer DOESN'T produce a machine that can solve problems, pass the turing test, and generate internal models of the data it interacts with.flannel jesus

    This is irrelevant, and fails as an argument. Probabilities are only meaningful when there are assigned values, and there are no values assigned in this case. Take the probability of Q to be .0000001%, and the information you provided raises the probability of Q to .0000002%. Do you honestly believe that we ought to accept Q as true, now that the probability of Q being true has been doubled?


    An unsubstantiated claim is a claim without any evidence.flannel jesus

    "Substantiated" implies solid evidence, well-grounded reliable evidence. "Evidence" is fundamentally subjective, as the result of judgement, and the evidence must be judged as credible. There is no such thing as "a claim without any evidence" because the claim itself is evidence. What is important is how the evidence is judged. In the preceding example, the .0000001% probability of Q must be based in some type of real evidence or else it would just be a case of arbitrarily claimed evidence. If further evidence raises the probability to .0000002%, this does not constitute credible evidence of the truth of Q. Therefore despite there being at least two bits of evidence for the claim of Q, the judgements of flannel and Janus, Q remains as unsubstantiated because these two lack in the capacity of critical thinking.
  • "Substance" in Philosophical Discourse
    The best we can do is investigate empirically as much as possible and then provisionally accept what seems most plausible.Janus

    Uh, no. The best we can do, in such situations is not accept the claims. Why would you think that its good to accept unsubstantiated claims just because they seem plausible? That, as I said, demonstrates a lack of critical thinking.
  • Property Dualism
    H2O's macro physical characteristics, under any conditions, are explained by how's it's micro physical properties behave under those conditions. Every physicist, website, and book that explains its characteristics, under any conditions, including why ice floats on water, will say the same. It's because of the properties of its molecules, like its weak hydrogen bonds, and the angle of the arrangement of its atoms in the molecules. These things, in turn, due to the nature of electron shells.Patterner

    You are leaving out many possibilities, dissolved substances, heavy water, etc.. No natural water is pure H2O. Your argument is nothing but a gross oversimplification.

    Or point me to any other macro characteristic that is not explained by how the micro properties of its constituents behave under the conditions it is in.Patterner

    Here again, you argue against your own thesis. The "conditions" is something completely distinct from the micro parts. You argue that the macro is nothing other than a composite of the parts in an arrangement, but now you qualify with "under the conditions it is in", which implies a larger context. The larger context is something other than the micro.
  • "Substance" in Philosophical Discourse
    Affect the chemistry of the brain and you affect mental processes too.flannel jesus

    Sure, but it's a fallacy to conclude from this premise, that mental processes consist only of brain activity. If a thing is composed of multiple components, affecting one of the components will have an effect on the composite thing, but that does not imply that the composite thing consists only of that one component.

    Perhaps you're not entirely compelled to agree, that's fine, but we're far far away at this point from it being an entirely unsubstantiated assumption. We have plenty of fantastic reasons to think mental processes might be neural processes.flannel jesus

    As i said, it is completely unsubstantiated, and your assumption that it is close to being substantiated, and this means that it is not completely unsubstantiated, indicates nothing except that you are lacking in skills of critical thinking.
  • "Substance" in Philosophical Discourse
    We are 'blind' to neural processes in vivo, so of course mental processes don't seem to us to be neural processes. I think this "seeming" is what causes all the difficulties.Janus

    Two things which "seem" to be different must be proven to be the same before they can be accepted as being the same. Otherwise you're just making an unsubstantiated assumption.
  • Property Dualism
    Of course. I used H2O to illustrate this.Patterner

    So, you're disproving what you are asserting?
  • Property Dualism
    Second, big things are made of little things. And the big things have the characteristics they have because of the properties of the little things.Patterner

    Participants in this thread have demonstrated two problems with this statement. First, a lot of the characteristics of the "big things" are due to the variety of different ways that the "little things" can be arranged, therefore many of the characteristics of the big things are not "because of the properties of the little things", they are bcause of the way that the little things are arranged. The next problem is the reason why the little things get arranged in the way that they do. This is the issue of causation, the arrangements are not random chance.
  • Donald Trump (All Trump Conversations Here)
    Why wouldn't you expect half of the world's population to produce half of the stuff and get half of the profits?Banno

    I think this is a misstatement. It's not those people who are represented as "half of the world's population", who are getting these profits. A company, like Tesla for example, can set up operations in a country like China, and reap huge profits. Those people working those factories, are not getting these profits. There may even be significant tax loopholes due to the international nature of the company. That is the long standing tradition of capitalism.
  • "Substance" in Philosophical Discourse
    If so, what is it?180 Proof

    Exactly as I said:

    The world we know, is the medium.Metaphysician Undercover

    There are two distinct aspects of the world we know, one being known as material bodies, the other as mind and ideas. Each requires a distinct "substance" to support logically (justify), its reality. The world we know, as we know it, is the interaction, therefore the medium, between these two substances.
  • "Substance" in Philosophical Discourse
    It's less inconsistent and more parsimonious, it seems to me, to conceive of "physical" and "mental" as two properties – ways of describing / modeling – substance than positing them as "two substances" (which do not share a medium by which to interact with one another). Property dualism, for example, does not have "substance dualism's" interaction problem.180 Proof

    I don't see the purpose of your proposal. Substance dualism does not deny a medium of interaction. The medium is the third element proposed by Plato in his "tripartite soul". This is the world we live in, the world of interaction between the two distinct forms of substance. The world we know, is the medium.

    By claiming that the physical and the mental are two distinct types of properties, instead of two distinct substances interacting, you try to make the medium itself, into the substance. This is untenable by our current principles of knowledge and understanding. As demonstrated by the failure to detect the aether which supports electromagnetic waves, we do not have the required principles to understand both mental and physical as the properties of one underlying substance. Our knowledge does not substantiate that claimed substance.

    Therefore until we have the elusive "theory of everything", we need to understand reality according to the principles which we do have. These principles support an understanding of two distinct substances which interact, rather than two distinct types of properties of one substance. All we have as evidence is the interaction, not the substance which ties the two together. The "ideal" of a single substance is just an unsubstantiated "pie-in-the-sky". And it's inherently self-contradictory to assume an unsubstantiated substance.

    That's the point of "substance", it has to be what supports, gives reality to our principles, ideas, and logic, as what substantiates them. It cannot be a speculative ideal, which may or may not be true, because this cannot provide any true foundation for the reality of being. So we must assume the "substance" which actually supports our knowledge until it is demonstrated, proven, to be incorrect. Currently our knowledge is supported by two distinct and separate substances.
  • Gettier's Gap: It's about time (and change)
    My point was not about the truthful perception of a thing, but about differences in general. A thing can never be perceived absolutely; there are no 1:1 real-time representations.DasGegenmittel

    This can be a starting point. We can say that differences are presented to us through sense perception, and sameness is something designated based on conceptual principles. For example, look around you and notice that there is difference everywhere. Your sense of vision is providing these differences to you. And if you say that things are the same as they were last time you looked around, you are making a comparison in your mind, with the use of memory, and some principle which allows you to ignore tiny changes as insignificant.

    From this perspective, we do not perceive "things". A thing is something created by the mind, with the use of sense perception, but not directly perceived as a thing. The mind, abstraction, conception, etc., produces "things" through principles of individuation, and sameness, and this provides the foundation for the conception of numbers and also identity. I believe it is important to recognize and uphold this distinction in order to properly understand the difference between a judgement of "true", and a judgement of "justified". When we judge that "this" is different from "that", through sensation, we have a judgement of truth. But if we judge that "this" is the same as "this", we judge according to some principles which dictate that it is the same word, despite appearing as two different instances, so this is a judgement which is justified.

    Now the issue gets very complicated, because with conceptual principles we adopt opposing principles. So the opposite of "same" is "not same", and this is often known as "different". The problem here is that this results in a type of difference which is justified through principles of sameness, but it is not necessarily true by sense perception, it is a conceptual difference. These conceptual principles are applied back against the claimed truths of perception, through the law of noncontradiction, to justify those claims of truth. The point being that the differences of sense perception (supposed truths) may be overruled by principles of sameness (justification), and this is a fundamental aspect of knowledge. In other words justification overrules truth and we create sameness out of things which appear to be different. This is known as equality and equivalence.

    Correct, but I would add that both sameness and difference are equally important to emphasize the definitional core of the matter. There is no delimitation without differentiation.DasGegenmittel

    The point now is that we have two types of "difference". One is supported by the truth of sense perception, and the other is supported by the justification of not same. These are very different meanings of the same word. Therefore to avoid equivocation we cannot simply class sameness and difference together as opposing principles, because this would include the "true difference" which is not justified, in with the "justified difference", as if they are both opposed to same. They are not both opposed to same, because the senses do not give us any "same", therefore "difference" by sense perception is completely distinct from "difference" by principles of "not same".

    These principles of categorical separation within the use of the same word, are very complicated, and were explored by Plato in books like Parmenides. You may wonder about the importance of maintaining such separations, but it becomes very important to maintain some form of separation between true and justified, to avoid confusion when we consider terms like "possible" and "necessary".
  • "Substance" in Philosophical Discourse
    I tend to look at "substance" as what provides for, or gives, reality to something, anything, and everything. So when someone asserts that such and such is real, we can ask for the substance which supports that claim. We can ask for the substance which supports the claimed reality of physical objects, and likewise we can ask for the substance which supports the claimed reality of abstractions, ideas and concepts.

    In this way, matter or energy is commonly cited as the substance of physical objects, and the physical world in general, while meaning or mind, may be cited as the substance of ideas and concepts. Since these two supporting substances appear to be very different, I think that substance dualism is the best way to understand the reality of world.
  • Donald Trump (All General Trump Conversations Here)
    Biden’s final “fuck you” to the world was the crossing of “red-lines” and the possibility (50% possibility, according to US intelligence) of all out nuclear war.NOS4A2

    Looks like a response to North Korea's involvement.
  • Donald Trump (All General Trump Conversations Here)

    That's the inevitable result of modern technology. Would you prefer that we return to a pre-industrialization society?
  • Donald Trump (All General Trump Conversations Here)
    I can only speak for myself, but my own paranoia is the compression of space, that distant events and people can influence local and regional affairs.NOS4A2
  • Donald Trump (All General Trump Conversations Here)
    His installing as prime minister is the swan song of globalismNOS4A2

    Why are some people afraid of globalization? Can you explain the basis of this paranoia?
  • Gettier's Gap: It's about time (and change)
    Then I want to say that when we know what the sign means, what we know is how to use it. That means not only understanding the conceptual structure that gives is meaning, but what it requires us to do (and not to do).Ludwig V

    This is obviously incorrect. Use is fundamentally subjective. I can use a sign in a way which serves my purpose, and you might use the same sign in a completely different way to serve your purpose. To say that knowing the meaning is knowing how to use the sign is a very one sided way of looking at a multifaceted thing. This completely ignores the intersubjective (communicative) aspect of meaning. To include this supposedly "objective" aspect into your definition of meaning, we would need to consider "correct" usage.

    And this exposes the real problem. What constitutes "correct" usage? Therefore referring to knowing how to use a sign, as an indication of knowing the meaning of a sign does nothing for us toward defining meaning, because "correctly" is implied by "knowing how to use", and this provides no guidelines for how to judge one's usage as "correct". So we really do not even approach the true nature of meaning in this way, because it is hidden by not including "correctly" within "knowing how to use". This is the issue exposed by Plato in The Republic, when he asked different individuals to describe how each would use the word "just". Each person had a different way of using the word, and debate was required to demonstrate that any individual's way was incorrect. This argumentation proved that the person really did not know how to use the sign "correctly", even though they could actually use it the way that they did. This indicates that "knowing how to use" implies some form of justification as implicit.

    I don’t think so. “2 + 2 = 4” isn’t a statement about reality as such, but about a perceptual pattern abstracted by the mind. Numbers aren’t part of the world in the same way as, say, rocks or trees. They’re tools—mental instruments that help us structure and process sensory input. They emerge after perception, not before it.DasGegenmittel

    This is very doubtful, and that's the point of Kant's "a priori". Some form of abstractive power, or capacity, is necessary for, therefore prior to, sensory perception. And, since the difference between the thing-in-itself, and the perception of the thing (as a type of abstraction in the mind), is fundamental to the nature of knowledge, especially the fallibility of knowledge, we need to pay close attention to the nature of this difference in any epistemology.

    This is the point of Aristotle's law of identity, "a thing is the same as itself". This law locates the identity of the thing directly within the thing itself rather than what we say about the thing, or how we symbolize the thing, thus creating a separation between the thing and the abstraction. When we adhere to this principle of separation, we notice that the so-called abstraction which corresponds with the symbol does not necessarily have any identity at all, as a thing. This allows for the reality of the fictive, imaginative, creative capacity of the mind. Therefore the real meaning of mathematical symbols such as "2" may be entirely imaginary, creations of the mind which are not at all based in perceptual patterns. And I really think that this is the true nature of what is known as "pure mathematics". The mind creates categories which are not based in abstractions produced from sensory perception, but based in its own intentions. The "empty set" for example.

    Perception introduces difference. Without difference, there’s no concept of “two.” Numbers are thus not touchable objects, but operational categories—modalities of cognition.DasGegenmittel

    The problem with this approach is that we must allow that there is a means by which perception apprehends difference. This fundamental "mechanism" if we can call it that, determines which types of differences will be perceived. And, we need to take account of this mechanism, the a priori, to have a true understanding of the way that living beings come to know things. If we include this mechanism, then we see that the living being creates freely, through imagination, its own operational categories through the influence of forces such as intentions. Then through some trial and error process, experimentation etc., the successful, useful ones are maintained through time. If we do not include this fundamental principle, we wrongly presume that "correctness" is forced onto the living being by its environment, rather than something chosen by the being through its activities of application.

    In other words, if we assume that difference is forced upon us by perception, as you propose, rather than something created by us for the purpose of judgement, we avoid having to understand the true nature of justification. We simply take justification for granted, as something given by the differences within perception. But this is fundamentally incorrect, as Plato demonstrates, justification is actually the means by which we get beyond the deceptions which the senses serve us. (Take the clock example for instance.) True justification requires that we establish a priori principles, real principles of difference, not just the apparent differences which the senses show us. Notice that we have five different senses. Within each sense there are differences which we notice, but we also need principles to account for the differences between one sense and another, which is a much deeper type of difference.

    As for the broken clock case:

    To say, “S cannot believe that a broken clock is working,” misrepresents the belief. “Broken clock” is an external diagnosis, not necessarily part of S’s belief content.

    If S looks at the clock at 2:00 p.m., and the clock (stuck at 2:00) shows 2:00, S forms the belief “It’s 2:00.” That belief is justified (the clock appears fine), true (it is 2:00), and believed. The Gettier problem arises here.
    DasGegenmittel

    This is Plato's point with justification. The senses deceive us, and cannot be the source for true justification. The idea that sense evidence is what justifies, is itself misleading, guiding us toward faulty justifications. We must establish principles of comparison derived from the creative, imaginative mind, which form the real basis for justification. These principle are derived from concepts of sameness rather than concepts of difference. This is why it is very important to have a very rigorous definition of "same", to start from, as that provided by the law of identity.
  • Donald Trump (All General Trump Conversations Here)
    This particular act wasn’t just a spur-of-the-moment meltdown of the mentally ill, as usually is the case, but the use of a mask and duct tape suggest some level of planning, so the owner guesses it was probably a neighbor or someone who followed him home.NOS4A2

    Someone is caught on camera slashing another person's tires. We cannot jump to the conclusion that the vandalism was carried out because the person is a Tesla owner. Slashing tires is a somewhat common vindictive act, and probability dictates that it's bound to happen to Tesla owners, just like it happens to the owners of other cars.

    So, we need some statistics showing which types of cars are subjected to the largest amounts of vandalism. It might be the type which attracts the most aggressive driver type. Have you ever taken a baseball bat to a Dodge Ram? I saw a Honda Civic with slashed tires.
  • Gettier's Gap: It's about time (and change)
    Well, what you say is not wrong, of course. But I would have put it differently. That I prefer to say that "2+2=4" is a statement in what grammarians call the timeless present just shows that I'm uncomfortable with metaphysics. So let that pass. When I said it signified nothing, I was taking advantage of an ambiguity in the meaning of "signified". The traditional structure of signifier and signified articulates the two terms as inherently relational - two objects in a relationship. I don't think it necessarily is. For example, does a road sign saying "Road closed" stand in any necessary relation to anything that you would want to call an object, in the sense that the sign itself is an object. I don't think so. But the sign has a clear meaning, nonetheless.Ludwig V

    I agree with this in principle, but I would not fuss over the meaning of "signified" like that. There is no reason to think that "the signified" must be an object. In fact, we should think the opposite, what is signified is meaning, not an object. To "signify" only means to be a sign of something, or to mean something. If a person takes a name to represent a particular thing, then that is the meaning the person associates with that sign. So we are not talking about a relationship between two objects, we are talking about a relationship between an object (the sign), and what the sign means (what is signified).

    We can say that, but we do well to pause for a moment and work out the meaning of what we just said. If we post the meaning (significance) of a term as an object and think things through, we may realize that no object could possibly do the things that we require meaning to do. So we have to park that idea and think more carefully about what we actually mean by meaning.Ludwig V

    Yes, this would be the problem with standard Platonism. Platonism assumes objects of meaning, ideas. These objects are supposed to be eternal unchanging objects. So, for example, in Platonism the sign we know as the numeral 2, signifies an eternal and unchanging idea commonly called "the number two". The number two is supposed to be an eternal unchanging object of meaning, an idea.

    The difficulty with this proposal of Platonism, is that when we consider most instances of meaning, it is easy to recognize that the meaning signified by a word, is not very often fixed and unchanging. So Plato looked at the ideas signified by many different words, love, just, good, for example, and found that especially in words related to ethical ideas, the meaning is far from fixed, but varies from person to person, and therefore is free to evolve over time.

    Now, I've read a good portion of the essay linked by @DasGegenmittel in the op, and I think the intention is to divide knowledge into two distinct types, the eternal, unchanging type (static knowledge), and the evolving type (dynamic knowledge). I would not make a division in this way. I would say that all knowledge, just like all meaning is evolving, but there are differences of degree in the rate of change. Some might propose "ideals", which would be eternal unchanging objects of meaning, but these are imaginary, fictional, because we do not have any such unchanging ideas. So "ideals" are self-defeating, as fictions which are supposed to be eternal truths. And even ideas like that signified by "2", are changing, having come into existence at some time. And we see that there are a number of different numbering systems, like natural, rational, real, etc., and the sign has a different meaning depending on the conceptual structure of the system which provides the context of usage.
  • Donald Trump (All General Trump Conversations Here)
    And it has turned out that—if true—everything it has removed...NOS4A2

    The track record indicates an extremely low probability of truth, so this statement is meaningless.
  • Gettier's Gap: It's about time (and change)
    Yes, but representing and corresponding are not the only ways to mean something. If we can calculate and apply our equations to the world, we know what they mean even if the signify nothing.Ludwig V

    I do not think that the equations signify nothing, that was my argument against AmadeusD, who wanted to reject a dualism of aspects in the world which are changing, and those which stay the same. Amadeus wanted to say that everything in the world is changing. But since the truth of "2+2=4" is something not changing, then it cannot be something in the world so it ends up being nothing.

    We can say that there is something called "meaning", and assume that this accounts for the aspects of the world which are not changing, such as truth. But that does not do very much to help us understand this dualism. Now we have the questions of what type of existence does meaning have, and how does it manage to stay the same as time passes, to support the reality of "truth".
  • The Musk Plutocracy
    Musk's right wing ideology is something he recently grew into. He was a hero of the left right up until he chose to think for himself and observe the censorship and complete ineptitude of the administration in power which was largely the liberal democrat bureaucracy.philosch

    I suggest you look a little closer at this so-called enlightenment.

    At the same time, his daughter Vivian came out as transgender and changed her name, declaring that she no longer wanted to “be related to my biological father in any way, shape or form”.

    Musk himself has cited Vivian as a reason for his political shift, telling the pop psychologist Jordan Peterson that he had “lost [his] son [sic], essentially”, and concluding that his son “is dead, killed by the woke mind virus”.

    --- https://www.theguardian.com/technology/article/2024/aug/09/elon-musks-journey-from-humanitarian-to-poster-of-rightwing-memes

    Lastly colonizing Mars is a next logical step in our development and is critical to the long term survival of human kind. That's simply a scientific fact.philosch

    I can only take this as a joke. Then again, the things which pass as "scientific fact" to some these days, never ceases to amaze me. Since Mr. Musk sems to believe that AI is the biggest threat to human kind, I suppose that the opportunity of a colony on Mars where AI is fully outlawed, is the basis of this "scientific fact".
  • On the substance dualism
    These two descriptions describe the same thing.Banno

    They do not describe the same thing though, that's why they are different. To conclude that they do describe the same thing requires further premises or assumptions which need to be judge for truth or falsity, to determine how sound that conclusion would be.
  • On the substance dualism
    it is waffle because it tries to mix two different types of language games - the physical and the intentional.Banno

    Waffles are breakfast. Make sure you use real maple syrup.

    There's an obvious solution to this problem. Dualism. I.e., if you want to avoid that sticky sappy stuff.
  • We’re Banning Social Media Links
    There go my pig videosShawn

    This little piggy went to market...

Metaphysician Undercover

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