Yet the real issue is to have a robust efficient and up-to-date chemical industry. And that, as is the problem for many Third World countries, isn't so easy to create. — ssu
Morocco has got that infrastructure with their Office Chérifien des Phosphates, OCP. They are working with Nigeria and others to expand southward. The development of African agriculture is in their strategic interest.
the complete annihilation of the enemy's civilians and military.
— Olivier5
Pundits have commented that wholesale destruction is what they did in Syria. It's the only thing that works for them. — Tate
I've read an oped from an obscure French philosopher a few days ago, about the streak of nihilism pervading through modern Russian history. I thought the case was a bit too dark and overblown, but now it resonates.
Here it is, for what it's worth:
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The most striking thing about the Ukrainian conflict is the strategy adopted by the Russians. It is characterized by a deliberate intention of annihilation, of systematic and radical destruction. Surely all wars involve damage to the enemy; but they are most often linked to military objectives.
In the case of the Russian aggression, one has the impression of an enterprise of total annihilation of the territory to be conquered, civilians and soldiers, men, buildings and things. Mariupol, Bucha and many other martyred cities tragically illustrate this desire. As has often been pointed out, this is a strategy already adopted in Chechnya and Syria.
Usually, the conqueror aims to appropriate the resources of the attacked country, which leads him to preserve them as much as possible, in his own interest. Here, on the other hand, one has the feeling that the expected gain does not matter at all. Destruction is not a means but an end in itself; and moreover it applies to the aggressor as much as to the attacked.
Nihilistic thinking as a principle of war
The damage caused to Russia by the war (effects of sanctions, withdrawal of foreign investors, accession to NATO of hitherto neutral countries, strengthening of European unity and defense, etc.) is far greater than the potential benefit of conquering the Donbass. But that damage, great as it is, doesn't seem to matter.
How to explain such an attitude? One word imposes itself on the spectacle of this militarily irrational, economically aberrant, politically catastrophic war: nihilism. We know that this concept was born in Russia in the 1860s; and it is often associated with a marginal movement of opposition to the Tsarist regime, which quickly disappeared in favor of the Marxist-Leninist protest that would lead to the October 1917 revolution.
But this representation is erroneous. The writer Ivan Turgenev (1818-1883), in Fathers and Sons , defines the nihilist as someone “who does not want to recognize anything” , “who does not respect anything” and “does not bow before any authority” . The writer-philosopher Alexandre Herzen (1812-1870), in an article from 1869, sees in it “a spirit of critical purification” ; he associates the phenomenon of nihilism with the Russian mentality as such: "Nihilism is the natural, legitimate, historical fruit of this negative attitude towards life which Russian thought and Russian art had adopted from its first steps after Peter the Great. He adds :“This negation must finally lead to the negation of oneself."
Nihilism in the nature of the Russian soul
The analysis will be taken up by Fiodor Dostoyevsky (1821-1881), who writes, speaking of the Russians: “We are all nihilists. The philosopher Nicolas Berdiaev (1874-1948), a century later, confirms it: nihilism had its source in the Russian soul and in the nature of the pro-Slavic faith. It was “the photographic negative of Russian apocalyptic sentiment”.
Albert Camus (1913-1960), in L'Homme révolté , clarifies its contours. He detects there “the feeling, which we will find even in Bakunin and the revolutionary socialists of 1905, that suffering is regenerative”. The literary critic Vissarion Bielinski (1811-1848), one of the representatives of this movement, affirms that it is necessary to destroy reality to affirm what one is: “Negation is my God. »
One gives to nihilism, writes Camus, “the intransigence and passion of faith” . This is why “the struggle against creation will be merciless and without morality; the only salvation is in extermination”. According to political theorist Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876), “the passion for destruction is a creative passion”. Sergei Nechayev (1847-1882), his companion, “pushed the coherence of nihilism as far as possible”: henceforth “violence will be turned against everyone in the service of an abstract idea” ; the leaders of the revolution must destroy not only the class enemies, but also their own militants, if they deviate from the imposed line.
An irrational approach ready for all sacrifices
Bakunin contributed as much as Marx to the Leninist doctrine – and therefore to the Soviet ideology with which Putin is imbued. Through this filiation, nihilism continues to inspire the current leaders of Russia. From nihilism to communism, and from the latter to pan-Slavism which motivates the invasion of Ukraine, it is the same abstract idea which justifies a desire for "purifying" destruction, the bias of a clean slate, of apocalypse as a political and religious ideal, of nothingness set up as a principle of action.
This is why the nuclear threat agitated by the Russian leaders should not be taken lightly. From the annihilation of the other to the universal annihilation which implies the annihilation of oneself, the border is thin. Nihilism, Camus concludes, "closely intertwined with the movement of a fallen religion, ends in terrorism". Among all the heirs of nihilism, "the taste for sacrifice coincides with the attraction of death"; “Murder is identified with suicide” .
How to deal with such an ideology? The answer is not evident. But we must in any case avoid considering Putin and his henchmen as rational conquerors, who would calculate the benefits and the costs of an aggression, like Hitler. There is a relationship between the nihilistic ideology that marked Russia in the 19th century and this way of waging war. Like any faith, it is ready for all sacrifices, including its own.
It is akin to jihadist radicalism, with which it shares many modes of action and thought. The only difference between one and the other is a difference of scale: Putin's terrorism is state terrorism, and of a state which has a nuclear arsenal which could cause the annihilation of humanity. Never before have we been faced with such a situation. In this sense, the Ukrainian war is an absolute novelty in history.
François Galichet , honorary professor at the University of Strasbourg
https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2022/06/23/ukraine-il-y-a-une-filiation-entre-l-ideologie-nihiliste-qui-a-marque-la-russie-au-xixe-siecle-et-cette-facon-de-mener-la-guerre_6131725_3232.html