In what goes below I shall argue against the doctrine that there are moral obligations (in any unconditional sense), but at the same time I will affirm the objectivity of good. My general procedure will be, first, to argue that the doctrine of moral obligations is both a dubious doctrine and a superfluous doctrine and, second, to suggest that it is fallacious to assume – as might be tempting – that a belief in the objectivity of good commits one to a belief in moral obligations, or that a denial of moral obligations is incompatible with a belief in the objectivity of good.
I am convinced that it is sheer effrontery to believe that anyone is morally obligated to do that which will make him unhappy. And yet I am just as fully convinced of the objectivity of good, that is, that some things are better than others, independently of what anyone happens to desire and independently of what any particular person happens to find to be satisfying, and that the uniqueness and dignity of man can never be understood in the absence of this concept. Why cannot both of these convictions be maintained? Surely the burden of proof rests in showing that they are not compatible.
It would appear, indeed, that people who conceive of good in an objectivistic and non-naturalistic way, who believe, for example, that there is such a thing as a better character and such a thing as a better way of treating others, would be particularly inclined to believe that there are in fact moral obligations.
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