• Arcane Sandwich
    2.2k
    The question: Is Jesus God?

    Why you should care about the question
    Throughout the centuries, several arguments have been advanced by different philosophers for the conclusion that God exists, including Anselm, Aquinas, and Descartes, to name a few. In turn, those arguments have been questioned by another group of philosophers, including Kant, Nietzsche, and Bunge, among others. However, those in former camp have not advanced arguments for the identification of Jesus with God, they have only attempted to conclude that God exists, without declaring that God is identical to Jesus. Consequently, those in the latter camp have not felt the need to deny that God is identical to Jesus, instead they suggest that it suffices to conclude that God does not exist.

    Stated differently, suppose (if only for the sake of argument) that God does indeed exist. That, by itself, does not prove that God is identical to Jesus, since Christianity is not the only monotheistic religion. It is therefore in the interest of Christian philosophers to argue that God and Jesus are indeed identical. Conversely, it is in the interest of non-Christian philosophers to argue that they are not identical.

    I have never seen an argument for such an identification, nor have I seen an argument against it. Therefore, here I will provide an example of each, together with the options that one has for rejecting them.

    The arguments stated
    Here is a modus ponens that Christian philosophers might advance:

    (FTI1) If God exists, then God is identical to Jesus.
    (FTI2) God exists.
    (FTI3) So, God is identical to Jesus.

    And here is a modus ponens that non-Christian philosophers might advance:

    (ATI1) If God does not exist, then God is not identical to Jesus.
    (ATI2) God does not exist.
    (ATI3) So, God is not identical to Jesus.

    A note on the names of the propositions: "FTI" means "for the identification (of Jesus with God)", while "ATI" means "against the identification (of Jesus with God)".

    Due to the rules that govern the truth table for conditional statements, it's not possible to deny both premises (of either argument) at the same time. For example, if FTI1 is true, then FTI2 must necessarily be false, and vice-versa. Likewise, if ATI1 is true, then ATI2 must be necessarily false, and vice-versa. Furthermore, a conditional statement of the form "If p, then q" can only be false if the antecedent, "p", is true, while the consequent, "q", is false. With this in mind, let's take a look at the options that one has for rejecting these arguments.

    Options for resisting the Christian argument
    If one wishes to resist the argument in favor of the identification of Jesus with God, then one has to deny either the first premise, FTI1, or the second one, FTI2.
    Whoever wishes to deny the first premise will be necessarily committed to the claim that God exists, but that Jesus is not God. This option is only available to non-Christian theists, such as Jewish philosophers, Muslim philosophers, and monotheistic Pagan philosophers. It might be available to Hindus and Taoists as well, assuming that Brahman or the Tao are identical to God, for example. Polytheists will have a harder time here. If they recognize a "main god", such as Zeus in the ancient Greek pantheon of gods, then they might be able to reject FTI1.
    Whoever wishes to deny the second premise will be committed to the claim that God does not exist. This option is available to atheists, and perhaps to polytheists that believe in a sort of "democracy of the gods". It might also be available to Hindus and Taoists, if Brahman and the Tao are not identical to God.

    Options for resisting the non-Christian argument
    If one wishes to resist the argument against the identification of Jesus with God, then one has to deny either the first premise, ATI1, or the second one, ATI2.
    Whoever wishes to deny the first premise will be necessarily committed to the claim that God does not exist, but that God is indeed identical to Jesus. This option is not available to monotheists, including Jewish, Christian, and Muslim philosophers. It's also not available to monotheistic Pagans philosophers, nor to Hindus or Taoists, if they identify God with Brahman or the Tao, respectively. That being said, atheists and "democratic polytheists" might be interested in rejecting it. The idea would be that God doesn't exist, but that we should still recognize that God is identical to Jesus within the context of the Christian religion, just as we should recognize that Pegasus is identical to the winged horse that was born from Medusa's blood in the context of ancient Greek mythology.
    Whoever wishes to deny the second premise will be committed to the claim that God exists. This is the option that monotheist philosophers should choose, including Jews, Christians, Muslims and monotheistic Pagans. Hindus and Taoists might want to choose this option as well, but only if Brahman and the Tao are identical to God, respectively.

    Thesis
    Since I'm an atheist, I reject the first argument. I do so by denying the second premise, FTI2. I claim that God does not exist. Due to how the burden of proof works, I don't need to prove a negative in order to reject the argument in favor of the identification of Jesus with God. By simply denying the second premise, I have a sufficient reason to warrant the rejection the argument in question.
    As for the argument against the identification of Jesus with God, I have no interest in rejecting it. Indeed, I accept the argument. I claim that both ATI1 and ATI2 are true, which means that the conclusion, ATI3, is true as well.

    Lead in
    Feel free to disagree, dear reader. I don't necessarily expect you to share my beliefs. That being said, one cannot simply accept both arguments, since the conclusion of the first one, FTI3, contradicts the conclusion of the second one, ATI3. If you accept one of these arguments, that means that you have to reject the other one, and vice-versa (unless you embrace something like paraconsistent logic, for example). Conversely, it's not possible to reject both arguments at the same time. If you reject one of them, then that means that you accept the other one (again, unless you embrace paraconsistent logic, or some other logic in which contradictions are true).

    Whichever argument you wish to reject will have to contain a false premise. It's up to you to indicate which premise is the false one.

    Have fun!

    --------------------------------------------------------------

    UPDATE

    Since some folks are questioning the logical validity of the arguments, and given that in some cases they're also questioning the contingent nature of its propositions, here is the logical structure as well as the propositional structure of each argument:

    The Christian argument
    (FTI1) p → q
    (FTI2) p
    (FTI3) q

    The non-Christian argument
    (ATI1) ¬p → ¬q
    (ATI2) ¬p
    (ATI3) ¬q

    Furthermore, I have decided to add two new arguments to the OP. One of them was contributed by . For the sake of compatibility with the preceding arguments, I have slightly modified his own argument, as I will explain in a moment. But first, the rationale for these new arguments stem from the following Hegelian thesis:

    As Hegel suggests, in The Phenomenology of Spirit, the history of philosophy is like the maturing of a plant. We wouldn't say that the fruit refutes the flower, or that the flower refutes the seed. I believe the same can be said about science. In its contemporary version, it's the end product of a history in which its roots were deeply interwoven with matters of theology, whether we like it or not. It is what it isArcane Sandwich

    The bud disappears when the blossom breaks through, and we might say that the former is refuted by the latter; in the same way when the fruit comes, the blossom may be explained to be a false form of the plant’s existence, for the fruit appears as its true nature in place of the blossom. These stages are not merely differentiated; they supplant one another as being incompatible with one another. But the ceaseless activity of their own inherent nature makes them at the same time moments of an organic unity, where they not merely do not contradict one another, but where one is as necessary as the other; and this equal necessity of all moments constitutes alone and thereby the life of the whole. But contradiction as between philosophical systems is not wont to be conceived in this way; on the other hand, the mind perceiving the contradiction does not commonly know how to relieve it or keep it free from its one-sidedness, and to recognise in what seems conflicting and inherently antagonistic the presence of mutually necessary moments.Hegel

    my intention with the OP in this thread isn't to settle every single issue there is to settle in Christian philosophy, or in non-Christian philosophy. I'm just planting some seeds here. Don't expect to harvest the fruits as soon as the seeds have been planted. It would be unrealistic to do so. One of the plants will die, or perhaps both of them will die. In that case, what I planted may serve as nutrients for the germination and maturing of better seeds (i.e., better arguments, both Christian and non-Christian).Arcane Sandwich

    With the preceding in mind, @Count Timothy von Icarus's original argument is the following one:

    P1: The Bible and traditions of the Church and its saints are revealed truth.
    P2: The Bible and the traditions say Jesus is God.
    C: Therefore, Jesus is God.
    Count Timothy von Icarus

    The modified version of his argument is the following one, which I will call "2nd Christian argument"

    The 2nd Christian Argument
    (FTI4) If it is a revealed truth that Jesus is God, then Jesus is God.
    (FTI5) It is a revealed truth that Jesus is God.
    (FTI6) So, Jesus is God.

    Its structure is the following one:

    (FTI4) r → q
    (FTI5) r
    (FTI6) q

    I have decided to use "r" instead of "p", since the latter already represents a different proposition in the case of the 1st Christian argument of this OP. The corresponding non-Christian argument is this one:

    The 2nd non-Christian Argument
    (ATI4) If it is not a revealed truth that Jesus is God, then Jesus is not God.
    (ATI5) It is not a revealed truth that Jesus is God.
    (ATI6) So, Jesus is not God.

    It has the following structure:

    (ATI4) ¬r → ¬q
    (ATI5) ¬r
    (ATI6) ¬q

    Both arguments have, once again, the logical structure of a modus ponens. In relation to the options for resisting these new arguments, I see no need to make any specifications here, since I take it that the options are obvious (given what I've said about the options for resisting the original arguments of this OP, before the Update).

    2nd Thesis
    As an atheist, it seems to me that my only option for rejecting the 2nd Christian argument is to deny its second premise, FTI5. By contrast, the denial of its first premise, FTI4, is not available to me. This is because the denial of FTI4 would entail that FTI5 is true, which is something that I can't accept because it would contradict the second premise of the non-Christian argument, ATI5. In the case of the 2nd non-Christian argument, I don't reject it, instead I simply accept it.
  • T Clark
    14.3k

    As a non-Christian, you have no standing to address this issue. The fact that you have is a sign of the religious bigotry endemic here on the forum.

    Let’s look at a question where your opinion might matter more - Can Santa Claus beat up Batman?
  • Arcane Sandwich
    2.2k
    As a non-Christian, you have no standing to address this issue.T Clark

    What do you mean by "standing"? And why wouldn't I be able to talk about it?

    The fact that you have is a sign of the religious bigotry endemic here on the forum.T Clark

    What is it about me or my post that makes me a religious bigot, in your view?

    Let’s look at a question where your opinion might matter moreT Clark

    Why doesn't my opinion matter, in your view?

    Can Santa Claus beat up Batman?T Clark

    Nope, I think it's the other way around. Batman can quite clearly whoop Santa Claus' ass.
  • 180 Proof
    15.7k
    Is Jesus God?Arcane Sandwich
    Given that both "God" and "Jesus" are fictions, yes / no depending on each e.g. Biblical, Quranic or Vedic author (make-believer) I suppose.

    Can Santa Claus beat up Batman?
    — T Clark

    Nope, I think it's the other way around.
    Batman can quite clearly whoop Santa Claus' ass.
    Arcane Sandwich
    :strong: :lol:
  • Arcane Sandwich
    2.2k
    Insofar as "God" and "Jesus" are fictions, yes or no depending on each author (make-believer).180 Proof

    So, I take it that you accept the non-Christian argument, and you reject the Christian argument. And it seems that you deny the second premise, FTI2.

    Can Santa Claus beat up Batman?
    — T Clark

    Nope, I think it's the other way around.
    Batman can quite clearly whoop Santa Claus' ass. — Arcane Sandwich

    :strong: :lol:
    180 Proof

    I mean, it's not hard to visualize. Batman is a billionaire vigilante that knows martial arts and has a lot of technology. Santa Claus is old and out of shape. Plus, his use of reindeer as animal traction is, in my view, unethical. So yeah, I'd bet on Batman, if those two had a fight.
  • 180 Proof
    15.7k
    So, I take it that you accept the non-Christian argument, and you reject the Christian argument. And it seems that you deny the second premise, FTI2Arcane Sandwich
    Nope. I didn't make it past your "Is Jesus God?"
  • Arcane Sandwich
    2.2k
    Doesn't matter, your reply is consistent with the denial of premise FTI2, which is the same premise that I deny as well.
  • frank
    16.6k
    It is therefore in the interest of Christian philosophers to argue that God and Jesus are indeed identical.Arcane Sandwich

    There were Christian sects that didn't believe that Jesus was God, the Arians, for instance. Those groups died out and the Catholic view became standard. There are Christians today who don't think Jesus is divine, like the Jehovah's Witnesses. So it's a sectarian issue, not a philosophical one.
  • Arcane Sandwich
    2.2k
    There were Christian sects that didn't believe that Jesus was God, the Arians, for instance.frank

    In that case, their position is consistent with the denial of premise FTI1 in the case of the Christian argument.

    There are Christians today who don't think Jesus is divine, like the Jehovah's Witnesses.frank

    Those groups would also deny premise FTI1.

    So it's a sectarian issue, not a philosophical one.frank

    It's Philosophy of Religion.
  • Count Timothy von Icarus
    3.2k


    Who is a Christian who makes such an argument? The Trinity is usually said to be a revealed truth, and I don't think I've ever seen anyone claim that Jesus being God is anything but a revealed truth (i.e. not something demonstrable from reason of from general evidence).

    So, the argument would instead be something like:
    P1: The Bible and traditions of the Church and its saints are revealed truth.
    P2: The Bible and the traditions say Jesus is God.
    C: Therefore, Jesus is God.

    Straightforward enough. P2 is clearly true, so people who disagree will almost always disagree with P1.
  • T Clark
    14.3k
    What do you mean by "standing"? And why wouldn't I be able to talk about it?Arcane Sandwich

    "Standing" is a legal term that I've shanghaied for use here - "Standing, or locus standi , is the capacity of a party to bring a lawsuit in court. To have standing, a party must demonstrate a sufficient connection to and harm from the law or action being challenged." Basically, it means you've got no horse in this race. Your opinion is irrelevant.

    Of course you can talk about it and I can comment on what you write.

    What is it about me or my post that makes me a religious bigot, in your view?Arcane Sandwich

    I didn't say you are a bigot, I said your post is bigoted. When I was a Boy Scout I learned the Scout Law - A scout is trustworthy, loyal, helpful, friendly, courteous, kind, obedient, cheerful, thrifty, brave, clean, and reverent. The explanation for "reverent" is "A scout is faithful in his religious duties and respects the convictions of others in matters of custom and religion." As an atheist, you have no religious duties that I know of, but that doesn't change the requirement that you respect others convictions. This is a virtue that is rarely practiced here on the forum - just one example of the rampant religious bigotry here.
  • frank
    16.6k
    It's Philosophy of Religion.Arcane Sandwich

    No, it isn't. It's a theological issue related to fact that some early Christians were Neoplatonists.
  • Arcane Sandwich
    2.2k
    Who is a Christian who makes such an argument? The Trinity is usually said to be a revealed truth, and I don't think I've ever seen anyone claim that Jesus being God is anything but a revealed truth (i.e. not something demonstrable from reason of from general evidence).Count Timothy von Icarus

    Doesn't matter, the arguments have been stated in the OP, by yours truly, if no one else. As such, they can be accepted or rejected, on whichever grounds you choose.

    So, the argument would instead be something like:
    P1: The Bible and traditions of the Church and its saints are revealed truth.
    P2: The Bible and the traditions say Jesus is God.
    C: Therefore, Jesus is God.

    Straightforward enough. P2 is clearly true, so people who disagree will almost always disagree with P1.
    Count Timothy von Icarus

    I'd deny P1, sure. But the denial of P2 is a live option. Perhaps the Bible and the traditions don't say that Jesus is God, at least not literally. Perhaps only metaphorically. But this would be to my point on literalism: things can't be metaphors all the way down.
  • Arcane Sandwich
    2.2k
    No, it isn't.frank

    Yes, it is.

    It's a theological issue related to fact that some early Christians were Neoplatonists.frank

    It's Philosophy of Religion.
  • frank
    16.6k
    It's Philosophy of Religion.Arcane Sandwich

    No, it isn't. It's a theological issue.
  • Arcane Sandwich
    2.2k
    "Standing" is a legal term that I've shanghaied for use here - "Standing, or locus standi , is the capacity of a party to bring a lawsuit in court. To have standing, a party must demonstrate a sufficient connection to and harm from the law or action being challenged." Basically, it means you've got no horse in this race.T Clark

    But I do indeed have a horse in this race, since I accept the non-Christian argument and I deny the Christian one.

    Your opinion is irrelevant.T Clark

    No, it isn't. My opinion as an atheist is relevant to discussions in Philosophy of Religion.

    I didn't say you are a bigot, I said your post is bigoted. When I was a Boy Scout I learned the Scout Law - A scout is trustworthy, loyal, helpful, friendly, courteous, kind, obedient, cheerful, thrifty, brave, clean, and reverent. The explanation for "reverent" is "A scout is faithful in his religious duties and respects the convictions of others in matters of custom and religion." As an atheist, you have no religious duties that I know of, but that doesn't change the requirement that you respect others convictions.T Clark

    You're assuming that my post isn't respectful of other's convictions. And I disagree with that assumption. My post is indeed respectful towards other's convictions. What is it about my post that strikes you as disrespectful? The fact that I'm atheist?

    This is a virtue that is rarely practiced here on the forum - just one example of the rampant religious bigotry here.T Clark

    I fail to see how my post is an example of religious bigotry. Could you elaborate on that point?
  • Arcane Sandwich
    2.2k
    No, it isn't. It's a theological issue.frank

    Issues in Philosophy of Religion and issues in theology are not mutually exclusive, at least not necessarily. Can you prove that they are?
  • T Clark
    14.3k
    But I do indeed have a horse in this race, since I accept the non-Christian argument and I deny the Christian one.Arcane Sandwich

    This is such baloney. You just like to rouse the rabble. Bad philosophy. Nuff said.
  • Arcane Sandwich
    2.2k
    This is such baloney. You just like to rouse the rabble. Bad philosophy. Nuff said.T Clark

    That's an ad hominem fallacy. And it's also trolling.
  • frank
    16.6k
    Issues in Philosophy of Religion and issues in theology are not mutually exclusive, at least not necessarily. Can you prove that they are?Arcane Sandwich

    I'm not inclined to debate the issue.
  • Arcane Sandwich
    2.2k
    I'm not inclined to debate the issue.frank

    Then I can simply deny your statements.
  • Arcane Sandwich
    2.2k


    Ad hominem (Latin for 'to the person'), short for argumentum ad hominem, refers to several types of arguments that are usually fallacious. Often currently this term refers to a rhetorical strategy where the speaker attacks the character, motive, or some other attribute of the person making an argument rather than the substance of the argument itself. This avoids genuine debate by creating a diversion often using a totally irrelevant, but often highly charged attribute of the opponent's character or background. The most common form of this fallacy is "A" makes a claim of "fact", to which "B" asserts that "A" has a personal trait, quality or physical attribute that is repugnant thereby going off-topic, and hence "B" concludes that "A" has their "fact" wrong – without ever addressing the point of the debate.Wikipedia
  • Arcane Sandwich
    2.2k
    Except for 's reply, I'm a bit disappointed with the overall quality (or lack of thereof) that his Thread has received thus far in the other replies. My presentation of the Christian argument and the non-Christian argument, together with the possible options for rejecting them, are consistent with Korman's presentation of anti-conservative arguments in the metaphysics of ordinary objects. I understand that not everyone in this forum is a professional philosopher, but still.
  • Moliere
    5.1k
    Conversely, it's not possible to reject both arguments at the same time. If you reject one of them, then that means that you accept the other one (again, unless you embrace paraconsistent logic, or some other logic in which contradictions are true).Arcane Sandwich

    Something about that doesn't seem right to me -- couldn't we reject both arguments on the basis that

    (FTI1) If God exists, then God is identical to Jesus.Arcane Sandwich
    (ATI1) If God does not exist, then God is not identical to Jesus.Arcane Sandwich

    Could both be false?

    What God is identical to isn't the same thing as whether or not God exists, even treating it as a first-order predicate. So we could deny the implication as true in either case, saying that the existential predicate has no relation to the identity relationship. (or, perhaps, that the existential predicate is actually quantification, and the identity of something is different from quantification)

    I'd be more inclined to say that "In the Christian Religion God is identical to Jesus", or something along those lines, so as to avoid mixing up description or identity with existence.
  • Count Timothy von Icarus
    3.2k


    Doesn't matter, the arguments have been stated in the OP, by yours truly, if no one else. As such, they can be accepted or rejected, on whichever grounds you choose.

    Hmm, well I think P1 would be the potential issue. Is "Jesus" referring to the Son/Logos or the Incarnation? It does not seem that the Incarnation should be necessary. Likewise, God's essence would not be defined by God's immanent acts.

    I'd deny P1, sure. But the denial of P2 is a live option. Perhaps the Bible and the traditions don't say that Jesus is God, at least not literally. Perhaps only metaphorically. But this would be to my point on literalism: things can't be metaphors all the way down.

    Well, you could hair split here. Some traditions don't say that. Yet the big ones emphatically do.

    The Nicene Creed section on the Son reads:

    I believe in one Lord Jesus Christ,
    the Only Begotten Son of God,
    born of the Father before all ages.
    God from God, Light from Light,
    true God from true God,
    begotten, not made, consubstantial with the Father;
    through him all things were made.
    For us men and for our salvation
    he came down from heaven,
    and by the Holy Spirit was incarnate of the Virgin Mary,
    and became man.
    For our sake he was crucified under Pontius Pilate,
    he suffered death and was buried,
    and rose again on the third day
    in accordance with the Scriptures.
    He ascended into heaven
    and is seated at the right hand of the Father.
    He will come again in glory
    to judge the living and the dead
    and his kingdom will have no end.
  • Arcane Sandwich
    2.2k
    Hmm, well I think P1 would be the potential issue. Is "Jesus" referring to the Son/Logos or the Incarnation? It does not seem that the Incarnation should be necessary. Likewise, God's essence would not be defined by God's immanent acts.Count Timothy von Icarus

    All of that is for you to decide. It seems like it would be in your best interest to accept the Christian argument, and to reject the non-Christian one. Specifically, it seems that it would be in your best interest to deny premise ATI2.
  • 180 Proof
    15.7k
    Afaik, philosophy of religion examines concepts of religion (re: worship) in contrast to theology which speculates on the nature of god (re: transcendence); where these inquiries possibly converge or overlap is on implications for human existence (e.g. values).
  • Arcane Sandwich
    2.2k
    Something about that doesn't seem right to me -- couldn't we reject both arguments on the basis that

    (FTI1) If God exists, then God is identical to Jesus. — Arcane Sandwich

    (ATI1) If God does not exist, then God is not identical to Jesus. — Arcane Sandwich


    Could both be false?
    Moliere

    Nope. These statements can only be false if their antecedent is true while their consequent is false. In this case, the antecedent in FTI1 is "God exists", and the antecedent in ATI1 is "God does not exist". By the principle of Non-Contradiction and the principle of Excluded Middle, they can't both be false.

    What God is identical to isn't the same thing as whether or not God exists, even treating it as a first-order predicate. So we could deny the implication as true in either case, saying that the existential predicate has no relation to the identity relationship. (or, perhaps, that the existential predicate is actually quantification, and the identity of something is different from quantification)Moliere

    Perhaps.

    I'd be more inclined to say that "In the Christian Religion God is identical to Jesus", or something along those lines, so as to avoid mixing up description or identity with existence.Moliere

    Then you might be interested in accepting the non-Christian argument and denying the Christian one, specifically premise FTI2.
  • Arcane Sandwich
    2.2k
    Afaik, philosophy of religion examines concepts of religion (re: worship) in contrast to theology which speculates on the nature of god (re: transcendence); where these inquiries possibly converge or overlap is on implications for human existence (e.g. values).180 Proof

    Could be. Yet the SEP entry on Philosophy of Religion begins with the following words:

    Philosophy of religion is the philosophical examination of the themes and concepts involved in religious traditions as well as the broader philosophical task of reflecting on matters of religious significance including the nature of religion itself, alternative concepts of God or ultimate reality, and the religious significance of general features of the cosmos (e.g., the laws of nature, the emergence of consciousness) and of historical events (e.g., the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake, the Holocaust). Philosophy of religion also includes the investigation and assessment of worldviews (such as secular naturalism) that are alternatives to religious worldviews. Philosophy of religion involves all the main areas of philosophy: metaphysics, epistemology, value theory (including moral theory and applied ethics), philosophy of language, science, history, politics, art, and so on. Section 1 offers an overview of the field and its significance, with subsequent sections covering developments in the field since the mid-twentieth century. These sections address philosophy of religion as practiced primarily (but not exclusively) in departments of philosophy and religious studies that are in the broadly analytic tradition. The entry gives significant attention to theism, but it concludes with highlighting the increasing breadth of the field, as more traditions outside the Abrahamic faiths (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) have become the focus of important philosophical work.SEP home page Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  • Arcane Sandwich
    2.2k
    I believe in one Lord Jesus Christ,
    the Only Begotten Son of God,
    born of the Father before all ages.

    This part doesn't say that Jesus is identical to God, it only says that he's God's son.

    God from God, Light from Light,
    true God from true God,

    This part does say that, if we read it literally. If we read it metaphorically, things are different. For example, when a father says that his son is "flesh of my flesh, blood of my blood", he's not saying that literally, since his son didn't emerge from the flesh and blood of his father, but from one of his spermatozoa.

    begotten, not made, consubstantial with the Father;
    through him all things were made.
    For us men and for our salvation
    he came down from heaven,
    and by the Holy Spirit was incarnate of the Virgin Mary,
    and became man.

    What does "consubstantial" mean here? Are the Son and the Father different substances? But if so, they can't be identical, because if they were identical, they would be the same substance.

    For our sake he was crucified under Pontius Pilate,
    he suffered death and was buried,
    and rose again on the third day
    in accordance with the Scriptures.
    He ascended into heaven
    and is seated at the right hand of the Father.
    He will come again in glory
    to judge the living and the dead
    and his kingdom will have no end.

    This part could be saying that Jesus was simply a good person, the best there ever was. A "god among men", if you will, in a metaphorical sense.
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