Comments

  • My understanding of morals
    In terms of morals and talking about morals and ethics and talking about ethics -- I think Sartre provides a good ontology for us.

    And Levinas provides a good text to reflect upon: we are all an infinity and our everyday interactions are the face-to-face, at least after ethical puberty. (meaning, it's easy to sling statements together and even live by them, but becoming a truly ethical person requires hearing others and changing yourself even though it feels like you ought not to)
  • My understanding of morals
    I ought say yes to be consistent, but I feel like saying no?

    Yes, our actions are what it's all about.

    But I somehow want to prioritize "listening" as an action. Or togetherness. I'd say that our being-with is prior to our Dasein, tho Dasein is more accessible -- tho terribly close and thereby needing exposition -- something something Levinas lol. (or Sartre)
  • My understanding of morals
    If I'm certain of this or that, then I'll interpret your acts (speech and otherwise) into my frame.

    "Guilt" becomes a category I can assign to others, and by that classification justify my cruelty towards others -- in the name of the good.

    There is no thinking here, no conversation, no reflection, no philosophy. Ethical thinking, I suppose I mean, is more open than all that.

    I, at least, prefer to hear more and listen -- and by doing so I am continually exposed to other ways of thinking about ethics.

    If I were certain then I'd have been defending the Book of Morman for a long time now.

    It's not such a bad bargain.Vera Mont

    It's not. Mothers, and grandmothers, are wonderful to us all.

    I'm resistant to Freudian notions because I think they're false, in a plain and simple way.
  • My understanding of morals
    O my -- this is the first time I've seen the frog in your avi. I always saw it on the horse side before.

    I suppose my hope is that we could do it without all those stories and such. They have been passed down, but what is their worth?

    Or, at least, to open up that kind of discussion. Moral certainty is the death of ethical thinking.
  • My understanding of morals
    Simply, there is no virtue in being un-fallen - innocence is the natural condition, and virtue arises from the fall along with vice as "knowledge of good and evil" - What philosophers call "moral knowledge". If you don't know good from evil, there is no virtue in doing good and no vice in doing evil, you just do what you do.

    (When I were a lad this stuff were taught in school; kids these days don't understand the language and tradition properly in the first place, and then get all superior and dogmatic in their ignorance, mistaking it for virtuous rationality and freedom from superstition.)
    unenlightened

    Guilty as parenthetically charged ;)

    Virtuous rationality and freedom from superstition -- is this an innocent mistake? Or a guilty self-lie?

    ****

    At the least I don't like superiority, dogmatism, and especially so when they are paired with ignorance.

    But I also dislike guilt, generally speaking. I think it's not so much a feeling of moral knowledge but a conditioned response which is used to control people.

    Now, deciding to not be controlled, by this thesis, does not make one virtuous. But neither is the guilty state virtuous.

    I suppose I doubt those philosophers who claim to have "moral knowledge", and so -- by your notions -- no one is virtuous at all because we are all ignorant.
  • My understanding of morals
    In a sense I ought be guilty.

    I have my traditions I come from which would say I am guilty.

    They would say I am guilty because of this or that.

    So I would be fallen, and thereby virtuous?
  • My understanding of morals
    True. Fair would be that once you have fallen there is no redemption. Without guilt, there can be no virtue.unenlightened

    Ought I be guilty?
  • My understanding of morals
    And so we fall into self-improvement, social improvement, and global improvement, as though through our internal conflict we can outthink that nature from which we spring. Yet one does not really have to go all the way to China; in our own Christian tradition, the individual conscience also reigns supreme. If you follow that internal voice, you cannot go wrong. (But on the other hand, you might well get crucified.)unenlightened

    Well that's not fair.
  • Suicide
    But then again, I agree that the only truly rational solution to the problem is medication.Tarskian

    Cool.

    I'm pro-medication!

    Though I want to push back a little and say that's not the only true rational solution.

    I don't know if the solution is exactly rational even, though it helps me so I'm fine with the solution.

    I only know people who are spiritual who struggle with these issues, and so I can't say that it's a spiritual problem.
  • My understanding of morals
    To stop willing is to cease to experience difference and becoming, since desire is just another word for difference.Joshs

    Hrm!

    I'd separate those rather than saying they are the same. (EDIT: meaning here "desire" and "difference")

    Stopping-willing is like pulling a tree out of oneself imagined as ground. but difference and differance remain. the will to nirvana, i agree, is still a willing: it's another tree in the ground.

    Poetically speaking: the ground remains after the tree is pulled out
  • Suicide


    I'm a person with clinical depression. And anxiety! It's a fun time.

    There are people with these symptoms who are spiritual. Ergo, It's not a spiritual problem

    Suicide is different from opiods. Yes?
  • Suicide
    I agree there

    Antidepressants, anti-anxiety medication, and opioids are the rational solution to a spiritual problem. There simply is no rational reason for life itself. Therefore, the only truly rational solution for the rational meaninglessness of life is to medicate it away.

    It is not just that the unbelievers do not want children. They are even actively self-deleting. In the meanwhile, we pray to the spiritual Lord, and carry on, with or without the unbelievers.
    Tarskian

    This has nothing to do with suicide at all.
  • Suicide
    Camus' essay is still my favorite philosophical reflection on suicide.

    THERE is but one truly serious philosophical problem, and that is suicide. Judging whether life is or is
    not worth living amounts to answering the fundamental question of philosophy. All the rest— whether
    or not the world has three dimensions, whether the mind has nine or twelve categories—comes afterwards.
  • Suicide
    Oh, yes. I'm not thinking in terms of putting an argument, but reflecting.
  • Suicide
    If some people feel incapable of going on, unable to convince themselves that things might improve for them in the future, then there would seem to be little scope for argument against suicide in those kinds of cases.Janus

    There I'd disagree.

    I'm not sure how to put it though, other than Camus' essay -- a kind of defiance and rebellion against the bleak future, a rolling of the bolder knowing that eventually you'll slip, a heroism in the face of the absurd.

    Though I like to tamper the notion of heroism down a bit, that's where I'd think of as a rational place to argue against suicide, philosophically.
  • Morality must be fundamentally concerned with experience, not principle.
    The reason this isn't a principle is because its not a rule, but a definiton. Maximising ones experience is to improve said experience according to some set of values. To ought to do something is to do so because it has increased value. Hence, you ought to maximise your experience, by definition, since it would improve said experience according to your values. It's like if I was to say "One wants to listen to songs that one enjoys", this isn't a principle, its definitional.Ourora Aureis

    If a person is to maximize experience, then we have to have a way of measuring experience.

    How do you accomplish that?

    If the measure is whatever the individual wants, then there is no guide being provided for action -- "Do what you want" isn't hard when you know what to do, and is hard when you're trying to make a decision. That would mean there's no advice to be had in this egoism.

    How could it serve as a guide to action, then?
  • It's Amazing That These People Are Still With Us
    I've never seen that one, but want to now.

    He showed up to Occupy Vancouver!
  • (Ontological) Materialism and Some Alternatives
    Thanks for sharing.

    Have you considered putting this on a radio program?

    I enjoyed listening because you gave a fair presentation of ideas with a passion for them. It's great.
  • Finding a Suitable Partner


    My "congregations" were theatre troupes, and I have no regrets.

    @unenlightened said the right things. If you connect then that's a good promise, though it may end in disappointment.

    Love is more an act of feeling and giving than an act of calculation, though our current world requires us to think in those terms (due to patrilineal laws, etc.)

    Even so: I'm certain you can find bookish and contemplative persons who don't just want what seems superficial.

    In fact I'd say that's what most people are looking for. (heh, not the "bookish", but the "not superficial")
  • Kant's ethic is protestant
    Excellent dialectical theme you’ve created here; I appreciate the thought-provoking aspect, even without total mutual accord.

    Thanks :).

    No need for total mutual accord, at least I don't demand it. It's pretty hard with the greats. And don't be shy -- say wherever and however you wish to disagree. I don't bite, though if questioned I'll give a quote or admit I don't know :D

    Isn't Kant's philosophy predicated on a "free will"? So that being said, having the maximum playing field to enact one's will freely, would seem to be entailed for this to be played out, no?schopenhauer1

    Freedom is central to his ethics, but I don't think there's a maximization function -- that sounds a bit more like utilitarianism, and I'd be hesitant to reduce it all to free will: there's things like duty, respect, humanity, rationality that are all in play. Plus the religious background, at least so I've been saying (though where to draw the line...)

    Also, my deontology isn't strictly Kantian-based, though I think most modern deontology is inspired by his framework... Intent/autonomy/rights/dignity/not being used, etc..schopenhauer1

    Sure. I'm not really presenting my direct ethical view, though it's not like I don't feel empathy for Kant's view at times -- but I don't think it's as universal as he'd like it to be. I think it's more of a time-and-place thing, like I do of all the normative theories.
  • Kant's ethic is protestant
    Granted, which is why I think the freedom to choose is part of deontological considerations.schopenhauer1

    That's interesting. I had never put together that freedom could act as a kind of limit to practical reason, just as metaphysics is a limit for theoretical reason. Though I'm not sure it's strictly Kant as this point, it's still an interesting parallel!
  • Kant's ethic is protestant
    Okay, then I am more comfortable in my claim that you are misinterpreting Kant. From my edit:Leontiskos

    Oh it wouldn't be the first time ;). And it wouldn't surprise me that my memories are off -- I through this in the lounge for that reason. I didn't feel like doing the deep work :D -- but I wanted to think through the ethics a bit.

    As far as I recall, Kant follows Christianity in claiming that one can fail to treat oneself as an end in oneself, and this would seem to undo the autonomy thesis. If it were just a matter of autonomy then treating oneself poorly would be impossible.Leontiskos


    My memory on that claim is that it was with respect to masturbation, which always made me kind of shrug at that claim -- though, yes, that definitely fits with his Christian heritage. It may be here that this is what previously was raising feathers : I can acknowledge the Christian heritage, but at what point are we talking about Kant, the man, and Kant's philosophy, as intended, and Kant's philosophy, as written.

    That was one of his examples I always sort of put to the side as worthless, though I could see the case being made for, say, substance abuse -- I don't think that's respecting yourself as an end (not sure if it would be a universalizable maxim, that one)

    Though respecting someone as an ends-maker wouldn't entail, I don't think, that autonomy makes right or something -- rather, it is right to respect autonomy. It's a pretty important feature of the ethic, I think, though I agree that there would be times where just because someone says they choose something that then they are morally good or something like that. (EDIT:...is not a claim to morality)

    You'd have to go through the process of reflection.

    And that's where it gets hard to really apply the ethic to others. How can you reflect for someone else whether they are following a maxim?

    The key here is that it is not legitimate to reduce "treat them as an end in themselves" to "treat them as an ends-maker." Those are not the same thing for Kant. The latter does not exhaust the former. Just because we are treating someone as an ends-maker does not mean that we are treating them as an end in themselves. The specific emphasis on autonomy and ends-making comes later, and I would argue that if taken too far is a strong deviation from Kant.

    (Hence, in the arranged marriage, the parents are failing to treat the betrothed as ends-makers, but they are not necessarily failing to treat them as ends in themselves.)

    One thing I don't think the ethic handles well is disparity in power. Kant doesn't really talk about children at all -- are they born with the categories? Do the categories become more apparent as they develop? When are they rational beings?

    But I agree there's more to it than just because someone chooses something, or something along those lines, as I said above.
  • Kant's ethic is protestant
    Seems a bit goofy to me. You could get around all this notion of suffering simply by noting, or adhereing to, a duty to preserve life, suffering or no.

    I think a hedonic ethic or a utilitarian ethic or a consequentialist ethic will serve AN better. Not that you couldn't put AN into deontology -- here you are doing it -- but others will have different maxims from you, and part of deontology is respecting others' choices.

    You want an ethic that lets you tell when others are wrong, but deontology is more about the self choosing actions, I think. It's only in the eyes of God that we could tell if someone is right or wrong, but we only have the eyes of a human.
  • Kant's ethic is protestant
    Could just be a turn of phrase, because I don't disagree with what you wrote. By "individuals" I was more thinking with respect to "everyone should"

    So to rephrase more properly with this in mind:

    The will is the faculty of right action, or, volition. I can see acting on a principle, or in accordance with a principle, but I don’t see the willing of one.Mww

    Individuals act on principles, or in accordance with a principle would be the same thing as I meant there. The contrast was -- can Everybody act in volition with a principle? Can I act in a manner that makes everyone act? It doesn't seem so to me. We'll want others, oftentimes, to follow our maxims, but the actual calculus isn't of the sort where if everyone is not following the maxim, for instance, I shouldn't -- it's the individual, rather than the group, that's more important in thinking through whether a maxim can be universalized, or an act is moral. (Or, really, it's the philosopher contemplating the individual)
  • Kant's ethic is protestant
    Right -- but the "mere" part is what mitigates the choice.

    And in any case, while AN isn't self-contradictory, if you're to respect the autonomy of other human beings you have to let them make their own choices under deontology, which would include having children. (it's not like that's self-contradictory... )

    There are circumstances where I can imagine having a child violates the 2nd formulation -- say that you decide to have a child to save a marriage. That would be something where I can see how the child isn't being thought of at all, but is a solution to a problem: a marriage. That seems to violate the second formulation.

    But I'm not seeing it for all birth. Sometimes people have children because they want their child to have a better life than they had, for instance -- they care about the child as an individual. In those circumstances I'm just not seeing how you could make the case.
  • Kant's ethic is protestant
    I have all along been uncomfortable with this language of "respecting them as ends-makers," because this is a reduction of the second formulation to autonomy. Obviously that is part of the second formulation, but I want to say that it is not the entirety of it. If it were entirely a matter of respecting them as ends-makers then I really would have to place their autonomy on a very high pedestal. This would be a rather significant, albeit interesting, deviation from Christianity. Is there textual warrant in Kant that the second formulation should be interpreted this way?Leontiskos

    Nothing super direct comes to mind, other than "treating them as an end unto themselves" and noting how individual freedom is central -- as in a category of reason -- for moral thinking in Kant.

    Since I can choose my ends, I have to recognize that others can do so as well.

    Also, something Rawls points out, deontology is a literal lack of a goal: so to treat someone so that they fulfill a goal would be to violate them.


    ****


    There are times, of course, that we do this -- for the betterment of the person, even, and especially with children.

    Still -- I'd say arranged marriages are just a bit much (as a USian), and generally I think that childhood autonomy is undervalued in our society. For the most part, yeah, I'd say that the emphasis on autonomy is at least a partial deviation from Christianity -- though there are strains in Christianity which emphasize the importance of choice, too.

    If you force someone to church that doesn't mean they really believe in Christ, for instance. What's important is that they actually assent, in their heart of hearts, not the goal of "Increase church membership"
  • Kant's ethic is protestant
    heh, then we're getting into the nitty-gritty, cuz the question becomes more of when the 2nd formulation applies.

    In one sense treating others to become better, for instance, is to treat them as means to an end: to the end of virtue. Even if they would, in fact, be better, we wouldn't be respecting them as end-makers if we manipulated them into being good, regardless.

    Basically, autonomy, as I see it, is part of the second formulation. I don't think it would only apply when when someone is acting on a maxim? Though then perhaps I'm just being more expansive with the notion than you'd be.
  • Kant's ethic is protestant
    If you think it violates the second formulation, then who is being treated as a mere means? I don't quite see it, and I am thinking of the analogous situation of an arranged marriage. If parents arrange a marriage for their child, or if someone pre-selects an infant for a hierarchical role, does it follow that they are being treated as a mere means?Leontiskos

    Well, I'd say so, yeah. I don't believe in arranged marriages or pre-destined roles for children, because I believe autonomy is more important than that.

    For BNW, though, I'd say that it's at a different order than either because even with arranged marriages and roles the individual gets to choose within those confines(run away from home, get a divorce, use the role to their ends rather than to their parents as a king, whatever). What's happening in BNW is that the reproductive cells are being planned to produce people who will fit within different roles within a planned society -- so the Gammas that are needed for menial tasks are produced in a vat to push the elevator up or down and be happy with their position in life.

    Building people to fit within a social structure seems to me to violate the general notions of autonomy that are valorized in Kant's ethic.
  • Kant's ethic is protestant
    So going along with anti-natalism: if the reason you're creating a child is to use the child as a means to an end, and there is nothing more to it than that, then sure.Moliere

    Something that came to mind here: Aldous Huxley's Brave New World.

    The quote that came to mind is about a scientifically designed society which creates hierarchies before people are born: (pdf page 6 in the link)

    Reveal
    “I shall begin at the beginning,” said the D.H.C. and the more zealous students
    recorded his intention in their notebooks: Begin at the beginning. “These,”
    he waved his hand, “are the incubators.” And opening an insulated door he
    showed them racks upon racks of numbered test-tubes. “The week’s supply
    of ova. Kept,” he explained, “at blood heat; whereas the male gametes,” and
    here he opened another door, “they have to be kept at thirty- five instead of
    thirty-seven. Full blood heat sterilizes.” Rams wrapped in theremogene beget
    no lambs.
    Still leaning against the incubators he gave them, while the pencils scurried illegibly across the pages, a brief description of the modern fertilizing process;
    spoke first, of course, of its surgical introduction- “the operation undergone voluntarily for the good of Society, not to mention the fact that it carries a bonus
    amounting to six months’ salary”; continued with some account of the technique for preserving the excised ovary alive and actively developing; passed
    on to a consideration of optimum temperature, salinity, viscosity; referred to
    the liquor in which the detached and ripened eggs were kept; and, leading his
    charges to the work tables, actually showed them how this liquor was drawn
    off from the test-tubes; how it was let out drop by drop onto the specially warmed slides of the microscopes; how the eggs which it contained were inspected
    for abnormalities, counted and transferred to a porous receptacle; how (and he
    now took them to watch the operation) this receptacle was immersed in a warm
    bouillon containing free-swimming spermatozoa-at a minimum concentration
    of one hundred thousand per cubic centimetre, he insisted; and how, after ten
    minutes, the container was lifted out of the liquor and its contents re-examined;
    how, if any of the eggs remained unfertilized, it was again immersed, and, if
    necessary, yet again; how the fertilized ova went back to the incubators; where
    the Alphas and Betas remained until definitely bottled; while the Gammas, Deltas and Epsilons were brought out again, after only thirty-six hours, to undergo
    Bokanovsky’s Process.


    I'd say that this society violates the second formulation while maintaining the first: it's consistent, they continue on, and yet by relegating people before they are born to certain hierarchies -- even though everyone is happy -- it does not respect the humanity of people.

    That, however, is a far cry from having children at all @schopenhauer1 -- I think utilitarianism, and psychological hedonism would be better friends to you than deontology, at least if you want to universalize anti-natalism (I did admit some conditions where I could, and even in my own life I can see, where having children isn't a good choice -- but the universal program is a bit much for me)
  • Finding a Suitable Partner
    Does anyone know of any dating apps or places to be, where people seeking a deep, long-term relationship with an intellectually substantive partner go?Bob Ross

    I have no tips for partners. Love is a queer thing, which some say is its attraction.


    But for intellectually substantive long-term relationships: I can say a little on that. And really, I have a hard time thinking that finding a partner is much different in terms of finding someone compatible. (not sure if there is a method for anything more certain, which is part of the anxiety -- and perhaps even joy -- of the task) -- on that, I find most of my friends from similar interests. Usually there are local groups interested in similar-ish enough things, and really that's what church is basically about: building community together, which happens to include partner-matching in various rituals.

    So: commune with people in things you like, keep an open eye, and wait until you feel the moment is right I suppose is my thought. After that: ask someone else.
  • Kant's ethic is protestant
    That's the crux of it. There can be a lot more:
    Don't cause harm, and justify it by mitigating harm if you didn't have to.
    Don't assume for others what is good for them, and worth suffering for, especially without consent.

    All this comes down to the second formulation of not using people.
    Don't use people, disrespecting their dignity, by putting them in harmful conditions because you have positive-ethical project you would like to see carried out.
    schopenhauer1

    M'kay.

    One thing that comes to mind is that I think of it as not merely using people. The pietism makes sense of this distinction: when, in your heart of hearts, you ask yourself if you're using people, even if you do not want to use people, you'll admit that you go to the shop keeper not because you're following a duty, but because you want to buy something for yourself. (EDIT: That is, you are using the shopkeeper, but you don't need to use him merely as a means to an end -- you can still respect his humanity)

    This isn't a wrong mind -- it's just not right.

    So going along with anti-natalism: if the reason you're creating a child is to use the child as a means to an end, and there is nothing more to it than that, then sure. But I think many parents feel a deeper attachment than that: they can recognize the biological inclination to continue on the species while at the same time treat their children as more than means to satisfying that biological inclination.

    There are many maxims, after all.
  • Kant's ethic is protestant
    Sure. But if you're asking "How do we make a choice?" then it seems obvious -- we don't always make choices based on maxims, but upon inclination.
  • Kant's ethic is protestant
    All things being equal, certainly feeding the hungry is recognizing dignity. But if you save a person after putting them into harm, that would not be recognizing dignity. So, if you could have prevented the harm to someone, but instead did things that allowed harm, so that you can justify it by taking care of the problem afterwards, that would not be respecting someone's dignity. So it is a matter of preventative over palliative if possible, not bypassing preventative with the justification of palliative.schopenhauer1

    Only if we must always have a maxim in order to make a decision -- but given that Kant believes we usually follow our inclination, rather than a moral maxim, we could just admit that there's no maxim here to making a choice.

    In its application, and examples of conflict -- I think that's where we can start seeing how Kant's philosophy sets up the ideas that lead to existential themes.
  • Kant's ethic is protestant
    Most deontological ethics revolve around dignity. I think autonomy, non-malfeasance, non-paternalism, etc. fall under this ethic, and leads to one that is negative ethics. A positive ethics, "We must live for X cause/objective", becomes a violation of the respect of someone's dignity.schopenhauer1

    How's that?

    Suppose the maxim "Feed the hungry" -- sounds like a positive duty in that it's not limiting what one should do but is a maxim a person feels they ought perform. If everyone followed that maxim then it would not defeat itself. Where's the violation of dignity in feeding the hungry?
  • Kant's ethic is protestant
    But my point was that maybe one cannot discern this is "a good thing"
    ...
    Now, this EXTREMELY minor, but that's the point.. Everyday living is unclear and full of contradictions and hard to discern values that often compete.
    schopenhauer1

    Sure.

    In fact, his notion that people should do things to maintain a society because then we wouldn't be alive to enact our free will in the first place, assumes a certain goal that doesn't seem to itself have justification. "Well don't you want to live in a society so you can carry out your ends?" can be answered, "No, not if it means that suffering exists!"schopenhauer1

    Not want to, it's your duty too -- even in misery, you have a duty to not commit suicide, by kant. So even if the anti-natalist demonstrates that hedonism is satisfied this will not move the deontologist who is fairly easy to imagine having a duty to preserve life, given the Christian trappings.

    Everyday living is unclear and full of contradictions and hard to discern values that often compete. Just following one version of an imperfect duty might override another version of an imperfect duty.schopenhauer1

    Yes.

    Now, it looks like you are prepared to say that Kant thinks that as long as we are following this imperfect duty out of respect for universal law, then it is all good. But then, how is the universalizable principle useful to tell us what to actually do? It becomes impotent.schopenhauer1

    I don't think his ethic tells us what to actually do. That's a feature of it because it's based in human freedom. Given human freedom, these are the conditions of acting morally.

    Now he'll say that most people do not act morally, but out of inclination, but hence the need for things like immortality so we may perfect ourselves into the beings we have the potential to become. "What to actually do" is up to us, insofar that we respect the moral law -- at least if we are going to act ethically according to Kant's theory of ethics.

    I take it seriously as an ethic that we should understand, but I'm not defending it or anything like that. I'd say that it has a time and a place -- such as when we have principles, lines in the sand which we draw which we will not cross because that's just the right thing to do.

    It's in this sense that I think it's fairly simple to understand what discerning "a good thing" is -- it's what people do because it's a good thing to do, rather than from self-interest or vice.

    People will disagree on that "good thing", of course -- but still there are some people who hold principles because they think they are good, for all that. Whether they follow them or not, I believe this is the sort of thing Kant means.
  • Kant's ethic is protestant
    You may think being an asshole isn't universalizable, but I might think it is.schopenhauer1

    What would stop it from being universalizable? Surely if everyone follows the maxim "Be an asshole" that doesn't lead to self-contradiction as much as a world of assholes. This is why I think you need the 2nd, and other, formulations to start making sense of Kant's ethic as a recognizable, even common-sense, ethical theory (that is stated philosophically) -- I don't think that the other formulations logically follow from the first formulation (though they are consistent and seem to work well together, I think)

    Although I'd be hesitant to put forward a maxim which references being or character or something along those lines because then it'd be difficult to distinguish it from virtue-theoretic ethics, which I think it ought be distinguished from.

    I think actions are the sorts of things under consideration: So the 10 commandments come to mind, along with the imperfect duties like improving yourself which a person is given leeway to execute. They're of the form of an imperative:
    "(You) Do not lie!"
    "(You) Improve your talents!"

    So if a person held to some maxim, which is that doing such and such is a good thing or not doing such and such is a bad thing, and it's done out of respect for the moral law rather than inclination then it is moral.


    At least, this is what I would say. I'd think that for a maxim to fall to the first formulation it'd have to somehow mimic those examples where the maxim followed by an individual in a society can be followed, but if somehow everyone magically started to follow that maxim no one could follow the maxim anymore. He's going for something like a contradiction, but instead with respect to practical reason I think. So it's a logic, but now a logic of ethics.

    In terms of a dispute between two decisions, well -- that'd be a split in the soul, in the case of an individual trying to make a choice. And of course choices are hard -- but that's what the power of judgment is about! :D
  • Kant's ethic is protestant
    True.

    I poke fun at Kant's lying example, but @unenlightened has made the point many times over, and it is also true, that if we all adopt the maxim that everyone is lying -- that it's all propaganda -- then the lying and propaganda ceases to work because we all know that we're all making propaganda and lying to one another and so there's no point in listening. There is something deeply pro-social to the ethic, I think, even though it's framed in these individual terms (which is one of the reasons I bring up Rousseau)
  • Kant's ethic is protestant
    In a more general sense: I think everyone has a line somewhere where you simply don't cross because it's the wrong thing to do. (or some follow rules because they just think it's the right thing):

    As long as the maxim that serves as motive for the rule can be followed by everyone then it's a candidate.

    Batman's "Code Against Killing" works here. Batman doesn't kill the bad guys because killing is bad, full stop. As long as everyone followed the maxim "Don't kill", everyone could still follow the maxim "Don't kill" -- so it's permitted as a maxim. Batman does this not because it benefits him -- there are many criminals, such as the Joker, that if he'd kill Gotham would be safer. He does it out of a sense of duty (or trauma, whatever -- it's a superhero story so we can say it's duty ;) )

    So to figure out if a maxim is universalizable first you'd have to have some maxim you're considering and go through this thought experiment before the tribunal of reason.
  • Kant's ethic is protestant
    ...Moliere talks about a "contradiction in actions between the group of people," which is apparently social conflict.Leontiskos

    Well.. sort of -- but no, because social conflict is usually about competing groups -- two different actions or maxims or something.

    Here still in the imagination: If the maxim could not be followed by a group of people, such as the lying example where if everyone told lies then no one could tell lies and so the maxim couldn't be followed insofar that everyone that's "in group" followed it -- that's what I think it means. Also, just looking at the quote, something about undermining law itself (or duty itself -- perhaps that you could come up with a metaphysic of morals that evaluates maxims, such as a utilitarian one which has some method of computing good or bad, but then this would not be an ethic of duty anymore, which is what Kant is getting at)