I don't recall the post, but in this thread (or another?) someone mentioned LEM in relation to the liar paradox. We don't need to refer to LEM for the liar's paradox. The contradiction is obtained even without LEM. — TonesInDeepFreeze
I think thinking in terms of "laws" is probably unhelpful here and I have never seen a monist argument that tries to define itself in this way. If by laws we mean "true for all existing logics," then there are clearly no such laws. The monist doesn't argue that such laws "hold in generality," except insofar as they hold for "correct logic" (as they variously define it; note also that most monists embrace many logics, the question is more about consequence). So, Russell's paper is fine overall, but I think this part has just confused people because it's easy to read it in a way that seems to make the answer trivial. But based on the fact that even pluralists themselves very often claim that they are in the minority, it should give us pause if monism seems very obviously false. — Count Timothy von Icarus
I think part of the confusion is that, just as idealism is much more popular on TPF than in metaphysics as a discipline, highly deflationary conceptions of logic's subject matter are also much more common. But one might agree to a deflation of truth for the purposes of doing logic without embracing any robust notion of deflation, e.g. that "on 9/11 the Pentagon was struck by an airliner not a cruise missile," is true or false in a sense transcending any formal construct or social practice. Maybe not, I only know of two surveys on this question, but they do seem to bear this out, as does the way authors actually talk about non-classical logics (i.e. they spend a lot of time making plausibility arguments, which are superfluous of logic is just about formalism). — Count Timothy von Icarus
Ontologically, the pluralist is going to be the one who thinks that objective/external reality is chaotic or random enough to support all sorts of anomalies and fluxes with respect to the relations between its constituent facts. (Logical nihilism, or rather logical asemanticism, seems more accurate in this context, though, if it is not accurate to think that reality is structured according to any completely specifiable system of logic at all. Or maybe there are a few rules that are universal as such, i.e. exactly those pertaining to universal quantification, if this be doable in an unrestricted way.)
If pluralism denied that there were any correct logics, how would it be distinguishable from nihilism exactly? — Count Timothy von Icarus
Well, that's a fine argument to have. But it gets to the point I tried to make to Banno and fdrake that one cannot retreat into formalism and ignore discussions of truth on this topic. If it would be question begging to assume that logic is about truth-preservation then it would be equally question begging to say that truth depends on / is defined by normative or formal contexts. If the latter is accepted, then of course nihilism is true (or rather true relative to some contexts and false relative to others, depending on our normative games.) — Count Timothy von Icarus
Frankly, I think such stuff too ill-defined to be done well. — Banno
How would you define validity?
"A deductive argument is said to be valid if and only if it takes a form that makes it impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion nevertheless to be false. Otherwise, a deductive argument is said to be invalid," is the textbook answer from IEP. The textbooks I've used give the same definition.
Stanford's open introduction to logic puts it thus: "Valid: an argument is valid if and only if it is necessary that if all of the premises are true, then the conclusion is true; if all the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true; it is impossible that all the premises are true and the conclusion is false." — Count Timothy von Icarus
It's about the number of correct logics (i.e. logics that ensure true conclusions follow from true premises). In general, it's a position about applied logic, which is why monists and pluralists often justify their demarcation of correct logic(s) in terms of natural language, scientific discourse, etc. Nihlism would, by contrast, say there are no correct logics (and also no incorrect ones). This is not to say that reasoning is entirely arbitrary, presumably there are some standards for what constitutes appropriate reasoning. But there is no logical consequence relationship that is appropriate or correct for any particular topic. So, for instance, the intuitionist and his rival in mathematics are both wrong in that neither are "right." — Count Timothy von Icarus
[/quote]You could think of this as similar to how there are very many geometries, and unfathomably many possible ones. One can identify what "follows" from their axioms according to whatever logical consequence relationship one cares to use, but this doesn't necessitate that the geometry of the physical world is infinitely variable or that it lacks any "correct" geometries. We tend to think that there would be just one geometry for physics (at least physicists normally do), or that, if there were many, there would be morphisms between them. The claims of the monist in particular are roughly analagous to the claims of the physicist re geometry. For instance, when Gisin recommends intuitionist mathematics for quantum mechanics, he does not mean to suggest that this is merely interesting or useful, but that it in some way better conforms to physics itself in ens reale, not just ens rationis.
Normally it gets framed in terms of the entailment relationship. This avoids unhelpful "counterexamples," like competing geometries that use some different axioms, but nonetheless have the same underlying entailment relationship. These are unhelpful because the question isn't about "what specifically is true/can be known to be true given different axioms" but rather "how does one move from true premises to true conclusions." This is why monists might also allow for multiple logics that are "correct," the "correct logic" being more a "weakest true logic." — Count Timothy von Icarus
These are unhelpful because the question isn't about "what specifically is true/can be known to be true given different axioms" but rather "how does one move from true premises to true conclusions."
I don't think Hegel is really a good example here because the Absolute is the whole process of its coming into being, in which contradiction is resolved, and contradictions contain their own resolution. It's examples of contradiction, being's collapse into nothing, etc. are very much unlike the standard examples meant to define dialetheism. — Count Timothy von Icarus
Well you can't say what it means — Leontiskos
I'd say that just from a plain language sense "This sentence is false" is clear to a point that it can't be clarified further. "This sentence" is a pronoun being used to refer to the entire phrase which the pronoun is a part of. "... is false" is the sort of predicate we apply to statements.
"...is false" is the predicate which yields the value "true" for sentences which are false in a truth-functional sense — Moliere
The objection was given <here>. You tried to answer it by redefining "false" as "fake," and I think we both agreed that that answer failed. That's where things stand, as you never made another attempt. — Leontiskos
"Duck is false" and "2+3+4+5 is false" don't work because "Duck" and "2+3+4+5" are not assertions at all, but nouns. — Moliere
Sure: if dialetheism is true, then strong logical pluralism is true. — Leontiskos
No, they don't. This is equivocation. Neither one has anything like the standing contradictions of dialetheism. Tensions which go on to get resolved are nothing like the stable contradictions of dialetheism. — Leontiskos
That's an interesting background explanation for why the "Liar's paradox" tempts you, but what I am hearing is that you are interested in playing a game that has nothing to do with reality. . — Leontiskos
You have not answered the objections, and I don't see that Marx and Hegel have much at all to do with this issue
Where's the evidence that the mind is the body? Without assuming that the mind is the body - which is question begging - what evidence is there that the mind is part of the body? — Clearbury
Could be. Maybe we're uploadable. — frank
Blasphemy! — frank
Can you think of any examples of a sentence wherein both A and not-A are true in the same sense or context? For example I could be said to be both old or tall and not old or tall but not in the same senses or contexts. — Janus
My point was that within any valid logical argument of whatever stripe there must be consistency between the premises and the conclusion. If a premise contradicts another premise or the conclusion then the argument cannot be valid. That sort of thing. — Janus
Can you explain how dialetheism rules out the LNC? — Janus
A dialetheia is a sentence, A, such that both it and its negation, ¬A, are true. If falsity is assumed to be the truth of negation, a dialetheia is a sentence which is both true and false.
However I do remember someone asking whether there were any logical laws that applied to all forms of logic. How about validity and consistency? Or which is basically the same as far as I can tell—the law of non-contradiction? — Janus
This does not belong in the lounge. This is a paradox that rest on a tricky difference between conditionals in language and conditionals in logic. — hypericin
Yes, which maybe should make you question if you have any clue what the debate is about. — Count Timothy von Icarus
What if in place of Kant’s Transcendental categories we substituted normative social practices? Doesn’t that stay true to Kant’s insight concerning the inseparable role of subjectivity in the construction of meaning while avoiding a solipsistic idealism? Don’t we need to think in terms of normative social practices in order to make sense of science? — Joshs
That’s what pragmatist-hermeneutical and poststructural models of practice are for. For Hegel and Marx the dialectic totalizes historical becoming. In these latter models cultural becoming is contextually situated and non-totalizable. — Joshs
It is normativity all the way down.
Hegel's contradiction is pretty far from most paraconsistent logics, given the unity and "development" of opposites. — Count Timothy von Icarus
If you're interested though, formalization attempts have run through category theory and Lawvere is the big name here.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://philarchive.org/archive/CORMAA-3v1&ved=2ahUKEwjrxdPIz6CJAxURlIkEHUmyEkcQFnoECCEQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3XxnDtBEih45jE5c2zfW2d
Nlab has some stuff on this too.
I have read many commentaries on the Logic at the point. Houlgate and Wallace are my favorites (Wallace isn't quite a commentary, but he does focus on the Logic), but Taylor was useful too. Despite this and now years of effort, I find the essence chapter largely impenetrable lol. — Count Timothy von Icarus
Like probably everyone on TPF, I have read about paraconsistent logic as I read about animals in a far off land, but I have never worked with it or made use of it. — Leontiskos
Are you asking me whether I think that accepting both paraconsistent and explosive logic results in the robust kind of logical pluralism? My guess is that I would answer 'no.' Paraconsistency does not entail Dialetheism. And paraconsistent logic is often used informally in everyday life (if that counts). — Leontiskos
I also haven't seen anyone in this thread who favors logical pluralism embrace Dialetheism - other than yourself, of course. They seem to be mostly Augustinians, "Lord, give me logical pluralism, but not yet!"
And so it is up to monists to show what it is that all logical systems have in common. I don't see that it can be done. — Banno
Do you see why I feel that I am wasting my time? — Leontiskos
Perhaps that's a nice example of the methodological difference between pluralism and monism. I don't actually think this is quite right, but at the least it shows a difference in approach. — Banno
The liar is clear, in the way you have argued. Rejecting it as a "nonsense" is a failing of nerve, rather than an act of rationality. There are three ways of dealing with it that I think worth considering. Tarski would say that it is a mistake to assign truth values to sentences within the same language, but permissible between languages, so the problem with the liar is that it tries to say something about the falsity of a sentence within it's own language. Kripke would say that we can assign truth values within one language, but that we shouldn't assign them to every sentence, the liar being an example of a sentence to which we cannot assign a truth value. Revision theories would have us say "this sentence is true" is true on the first iteration, false and the second, true on the third... and so on. — Banno