Positive characteristics of Females This is how the John Money and David Reimer case was Reported in the 1992 psychology text book I own as evidence that gender differences were caused by socialisation.
Psychology : the science of mind and behaviour
by Gross, Richard D, London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1992.
"A classic piece of evidence relevant to the issue was reported by Money in 1974. It involves a pair of monozygotic (identical) twins whose embryonic and fetal development were that of a normal male. An accident during circumcision (by cautery) caused one of the twins to lose his penis. Assuming that gender is primarily a social phenomenon, and that identity is learned, it was decided to raise the unfortunate "penectomized" boy as a girl.
This would seem to be a decisive way of choosing between the learning versus biological arguments, by letting rearing "compete" with biology, and it would have been a true test case had not as much as possible been done to "defeat" the male biological realities and to enhance female biological maturation.
At seventeen months, "he" was castrated, i.e. the androgen-secreting testes were removed, and was given oestrogen (female hormone): a vaginal canal was constructed at this time. Much earlier than this, the parents changed "his" clothes and hairstyle.
By the age of four, "he" preferred dresses to trousers, took pride in "his" long hair and was much neater and cleaner than his brother. "He" sat while urinating, in the usual female fashion and was modest about exposing "his" genitals (in contrast to the other twin, for whom an incident of public urination was described by the mother with amusement)."He" was encouraged to help the mother with the housework, while the brother "couldn't care less about it.
At five years. "he" had many tomboyish traits, but was encouraged to be less rough and tough than the other twin, and was generally quieter and more "ladylike", while the normal twin was physically protective of his "sister". At nine years, although "he" had been the dominant one since birth, "he" expressed this by being a "fussy little mother" to "his" brother. The brother continued to play the traditional protective, male role.
This seems to support the view that gender identity (and gender role) is learnt. The reversal of original sexual assignment is possible if it takes place early enough and is consistent in all respects, which includes the external genitalia conforming well enough to the new sex. However, the castration and use of oestrogen clearly, contributed to the ease of reassignment and probably also accounts for the normal twin being."
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Now both brothers have committed suicide. The parents admitted lying to researchers about progress, there was sexual abuse by Money
but this was long one of the most influential cases on gender issues.