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  • Question regarding panpsychism
    That the substance that the universe is composed of is essentially consciousness? — Watchmaker

    That's what I think, yes. Not all panpsychists think that though.

    Where did "knowing" come into play? Something had to initially know how to arrange atoms and chemicals in way to give rise to awareness. — Watchmaker

    I don't understand what you mean, or what that's got to do with panpsychism. Panpsychists do not usually explain consciousness in functional, chemical or any such terms, although some do. Even those who do would say there is no prior knowing, knowing is these processes, not a pre-existing condition of them.
  • Question regarding panpsychism
    Panpsychism says that consciousness is fundamental. What does that mean exactly, that consciousness is fundamental? That the substance that the universe is composed of is essentially consciousness? Where did "knowing" come into play? Something had to initially know how to arrange atoms and chemicals in way to give rise to awareness. — Watchmaker

    Not all panpsychists think that consciousness is fundamental. I do though.

    All that is necessary for panpsychism is that consciousness is present somehow in everything. The IIT, for example, is reductionist, it says consciousness is integrated information, so in a sense information is more fundamental than consciousness, it just so happens that there is no unintegrated information around, so everything is, in fact, minimally conscious.

    There are also micropsychists, that take a bottom-up panpsychist approach, starting with small things and building up; and macrospsychists, who take consciousnes as a property of reality as a whole and get to multiple subjects by division (rather than addition). Lots of different versions with different theoretical motivations.
  • Question regarding panpsychism
    In other words, as others have suggested, "panpsychism" is a reductionist... — 180 Proof

    Panpsychism is the pathological metaphysics that arises when you try to reduce all existence to materialism, and wind up including "consciousness" as "another face of matter". — apokrisis

    Could you explain the reduction?

    Reduction normally involves explaining one thing completely in terms of things other than it. So a is reduced to x, y, z if a is fully explained by x, y, z with no reference to a in that explanation. Something like that anyway.

    So if panpsychism is a reductionist theory of consciousness, what non-conscious things do you think it reduces consciousness to?

    I find this very odd, as one of the primary theoretical motivators for panpsychism is the that is it not a reductionist theory, that is, difficulties with attempts to explain consciousness in non-question-begging terms lead us to the conclusion (not assumption) that consciousness is a fundamental property of reality.
  • What is Climate Change?
    ↪Xtrix
    That's a really clear explanation. I don't have the knowledge to know if you've got it right or not, but it's very nicely set out.
  • The Invalidity of Atheism
    ↪Gregory A
    If atheism is the view that there are no gods then it would have nothing to do with free speech. If atheism challenges theism to show proof of god/s, then it would most certainly be challenging theism's right to free speech. If atheism isn't to the left, then theism isn't to the right???

    There are two possibly valid positions, one, the belief in a naturally occurring universe, and one in a supernaturally occurring universe. Consequently, there can be no (logically) valid middle ground.

    You ask theists for evidence of god/s then you have no evidence of god/s yourself, for your request to be valid, means you also have no evidence of Nature (a naturally occurring universe). You can't hold out for evidence of one then still ask for evidence of the other

    Some atheists challenge some theists from time to time to justify their beliefs. On a philosophy forum that is entirely appropriate and acceptable. It's also appropriate and acceptable in public discourse in response to theists arguing for their beliefs, or even just proselytising. I don't think I've ever heard an atheist say that theists should not be allowed to express their views.

    You personify atheism and theism in your post, which I think causes conceptual mischief.

    Indeed, both theism and atheism are neutral with regard to political handedness. There are many lefties in the clergy in the UK for example. And many right wing people whom I very much doubt believe in anything much past the narrow material interests of themselves and their loved ones.

    I'm not sure if I'm an atheist or not, but in any case I ask both theists and atheists to justify their metaphysical views on a philosophy forum. The question of the burden of proof is interesting and complex it seems to me.
  • The Invalidity of Atheism
    Atheism is a rejection of free-speech — Gregory A

    Eh? Atheirsm is the view that there are no gods. What has it got to do with free speech? It's nothing to do with politics, it's not a political movement or anything of the sort.

    When you say 'invalid' what I think you mean is 'false'. Atheism is not an argument but an assertion/proposition about the way things are. Only arguments can be valid or invalid. Beliefs, assertions etc, can be true or false.
  • Things That We Accept Without Proof
    Perhaps this (existential-cosmological) uniqueness is each one's "soul" or "daimon" ... — 180 Proof

    I rather like that conception of soul. Intelligible without departing massively from the already existing concept, such as it is.
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    ↪Wayfarer
    We are a vile bunch of assholes. Actually you're not. You're quite nice.
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    Oh that's a shame. Spunky lad. Liked him.
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    Where's Garrett gone? Is he ok? @Garret Travers I can't summon him. Oh, maybe I can. The name didn't come up as an automatic option.
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    Recipe for a functionalist theory of consciousness:

    1) Specify the concept of consciousness your theory is a theory of. It is important to separate theory from definition as much as possible. Without that, you risk just redefining words to fit the theory.

    E.g. the IIT, as expressed by Tononi, does have a phenomenal concept. It's fairly clear at the start of his paper.

    2) Identify the critical function. What does a system have to do to realise consciousness?

    E.g. the IIT specifies integrating information as the critical function.

    3) Pick your verb. Does the function realise, instantiate, constitute consciousness? These are verbs indicating identity, and that's what you really need. Other verbs indicating a relationship (other than identity) between two conceptually distinct things indicate a non functionalist theory. Verbs such as cause, produce, give rise to, etc.

    E.g. the IIT says consciousness IS integrated information, so it is indeed a functionalist theory, I think. A system is conscious when and only when it is integrating information, we should read that as.

    4) Why can't all that happen in the dark? if the starting point is a phenomenal conception of consciousness, say why that function could not take place without the system being conscious. This really connects the dots and is the holy grail. Is the hard bit. One way to do this is to say "but that's just what we mean by the word", but that is rarely plausible in cases of theories of phenomenal consciousness. That works better with other kinds of functions, like 'walking'. In the case of walking, theory and definition coincide to a high degree, theory probably just filling in a lot more details not normally included in the definition/concept.

    E.g. the IIT does not do this as far as I am aware. There's just no answer to this question.

    I'm particularly interested in comments by @fdrake and @Cuthbert if you have time. Others as well of course.
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    If I am interpreting him correctly, Bert is asking why the kinds of behavior you observe, and capacities you attribute, to the jumping spider, your example, could not exist, for example, in an unconscious robot. — Janus

    Yes that's pretty much it
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    Why would an entity doing all the semiotic things an organism like a jumper spider does be unconscious. Or even a robot? — apokrisis

    Because everything else in the universe is unconscious, according to the emergentist.
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    it is your choice to assert but not support the position that consciousness is something that can exist without a content. — apokrisis

    It's off topic Apo. If you want, start another thread entitled 'Why bert1 is a cunt' and you can ask me all the questions you want and I'll try to answer them. But this thread is about neurology-based accounts of consciousness.

    I didn't even say that it was possible for consciousness to exist without content. I'm not sure about the answer to that anyway. It's a difficult question. The distinction I was attempting to make, apparently without clarity, was between being conscious of something in particular (like the experience of being drunk) and the possibility of consciousness of anything at all. To have the experience of being drunk, you have to be capable of experience at all. And that latter is what I can't find an explanation for.

    And if I have failed to provide the support you seek for that position, then so be it.

    I'm not asking you to support my position! I just want to know why the functions you identify, and no others, necessitate/generate/instantiate/constitute/exemplify (pick you verb) consciousness. If you don't know, that's OK, there's no shame in that. If you can't be arsed to explain it, that's fine too. If you need more time to consider it, that's OK. If you don't understand the question, that's fine. Just let me know.
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    If that's the question you mean to ask me when you say 'the same question', I would say a couple of things. First, I don't think that the existence of life is something that can necessarily be explained. One of the other really useful essays on I read on biosemiosis What is Information?, refers to the work of Hubert Yockey who attempted to apply Claude Shannon's information theory to living organisms. — Wayfarer

    Thanks that looks interesting. I was vaguely hoping you understood Apo's position so you could explain it to me, but It's a big ask.
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    Are we incapable of having a conversation Apo?
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    You still haven't said why modelling, selective attention, and all the other things you take as hallmarks of consciousness cannot also happen without consciousness. — bert1
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    I also asked you for a relatively theory-free definition, but you ignored that question as well.
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    This isn't about me. Look at the title of the thread. I don't feel embarrassed! No doubt I'm wrong in all kinds of ways, but we can talk about that another day, indeed we already have. So, back on topic:

    You still haven't said why modelling, selective attention, and all the other things you take as hallmarks of consciousness cannot also happen without consciousness.
  • Awareness & Consciousness
    Roughly interchangeable, although it's not hard to imagine times when people want to make distinctions and to specify usage. Just have to pay attention to the context and hope people, when stipulating meaning, are clear about it.
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    You still haven't said why modelling, selective attention, and all the other things you take as hallmarks of consciousness cannot also happen without consciousness. — bert1
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    ↪apokrisis
    Apo, you asked me a lot of questions but didn't answer mine. I'm happy to discuss panpsychism in another thread. Your post is blusterous and insubstantial. You still haven't said why modelling, selective attention, and all the other things you take as hallmarks of consciousness cannot also happen without consciousness. You are unclear on the relationship between these functions and consciousness, are they identical with experience, or are they evidence of experience, or do they cause experience, or what?
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    What supports your contention that all that neurology - by far the most extreme kilo or two of functional complexity in the known universe - could happen “in the dark”? — apokrisis

    I don't think it does, but that's not because I think the complexity is relevant, it's because I'm a panpsychist.

    I'm trying to understand the position of the emergentist, who typically thinks there is no consciousness in the universe at all except when and where there are brains (or perhaps functionally equivalent things). I take it that is your position. So we have a situation in which for the vast majority of the lifetime of the universe, and for the vast majority of places in it, there is no consciousness. Then something happens, and there is consciousness. But why? This is crying out for an explanation, even assuming this emergentist story is true. Why can't all the processes keep going on just as before, regardless of the complexity, just without the experience? What's the difference? And you've already told us what the difference is, which is great, you've said the difference is entering into a modelling relationship with the world. And my reply is, sure, but what is it about that that means it feels like something? We all know it does feel like something, I'm not denying that, obviously. What I'm asking is why does that explanation work, and not others. What is it about that particular function that constitutes an experience, but not the function of, say, an internal combustion engine?

    How do you get drunk if the neurology has nothing to do with there being a state of experience in your noggin?

    Well this is just about the distinction between consciousness and content. We can conclude very easily from the evidence that changes in brain function in humans alters the content of experience in humans. Of course it does. No one is denying that, not even the most extreme substance dualists. But how do we get from that to the very general conclusion that consciousness, regardless of the content, only occurs when brains do a certain type of thing? If I was 180, I might say that this was a hasty generalisation, but I'm not so I won't.
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    ↪EugeneW
    It's a question to ask of any kind of functionalism I think. Although previously Apo has said he isn't a functionalist, but maybe that's just a terminology thing.

    As @Wayfarer has been reading up on this stuff, more so than I have, I'd like to ask him the same question. I think I'd find his writing easier. He writes instruction manuals I think for money, if I remember correctly, so maybe that will help.

    There is a move available, which I don't think will help the situation, and that is to say that consciousness emerges at point X because consciousness is necessary for X. That might be what Apo thinks, I don't know.
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    ↪apokrisis
    That's all great, but why can't all that happen in the dark?

    I'd be happy with your account if you didn't market it as an explanation for consciousness. Even if you have correctly identified the point in the development of a system at which consciousness emerges (assuming emergentism is true), i.e. when systems model their environment and predict the future, it's still a mystery why this is the point when systems start having experiences. Why can't they model their environment and predict the future without experiencing anything?

    My irritation with your postings on this forum is not a dislike of your general knowledge and expertise on systems theory, which is really interesting, if a bit impenetrable most of the time. The forum is lucky to have you here as an expert on these ideas. It's the irrelevance to the problem of consciousness that I find annoying.

    Mind clearly has a huge array of functional aspects, what Block calls access consciouness, and your account may very well be highly relevant to that, I don't know. But that is not the relevant sense.
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    @apokrisis

    That's my complaint. You "consciousness" guys are bogged in the mud because you have a dys-functional conception of what its about. The mind can't make causal sense until you adopt a functional, enactive and embodied perspective. — apokrisis

    The mind does make causal sense to me. I don't feel bogged down except when I try to make sense of various emergentist accounts, such as yours. There has not been one that makes sense to me that is faithful the phenomenal conception of consciousness. I'm interested though. Are you in agreement with Pattee in his cell phenomenology paper?
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    @apokrisis
    Can you offer a relatively theory-free definition of 'consciousness', that picks out what theories of consciousness are theories of?
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    Well everyone accepts it is the kind of thing that could produce life. — apokrisis

    Indeed, but life, at least since biologists got hold of the concept, is defined functionally. Consciousness is not defined in functional terms, at least not in the relevant sense. Unless by fiat, which is what Pattee does in Cell Phenomenology: The First Experience.
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    ↪apokrisis
    what is the hard problem?
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    I don't think you see the point. The point of the hard problem argument is simply that the first-person nature of being (or experience) can never be reduced to (or explained in terms of) a third-person description. It's an extremely simple point which nevertheless eludes the advocates of physicalist reductionism, who insist that 'there is a straightforward, conservative extension of objective science that handsomely covers the ground — all the ground — of human consciousness, doing justice to all the data without ever having to abandon the rules and constraints of the experimental method that have worked so well in the rest of science'. (Dennett)

    No boggling required.     — Wayfarer

    Yup. That's a good Dennett quote.

    A recent exchange with 180 shocked me a bit as it demonstrated, or appeared to demonstrate, that he actually lacked the concept of consciousness that you and I, and many others on and off the forum, have. It's shocking because in other ways 180 is very insightful. Now this has me wondering about Apo. When dismissing the hard problem, I'm not sure Apo has grasped what it is. I say this tentatively, because I find it incredible. I feel bad saying this, because it is exclusionary. It's almost disqualifying people from the conversation, which feels bad.

    EDIT: Pattee (yes, I am interested in Apo's stuff) in his paper on cell phenomenology, the first experience, says lots of very interesting things, and then completely spoils it by defining, by fiat, the phenomenal in functional terms. Thereby removing himself from the conversation. It was very interesting. His paper was about something interesting, but it wasn't about consciousness. It's phonomenology, but not as we know it, Jim.
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    I'll look at the global workspace theory more as that is what Garrett seems to be drawn to, and I like the idea of a space, as consciouness seems somewhat space-like to me, and space might be a candidate for that which unifies brain processes.
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    Why is the binding problem a problem? — EugeneW

    The existence of binding is not a problem, it's a good thing. Accounting for it, explaining how it happens is the problem.

    There are a number of slightly different binding problems. I presume the neural binding problem is the fact that many individual stimuli come into the body from outside it, they don't all arrive at exactly the same time in the same place. Neurons fire around the brain, but there is no obvious spot where they all meet. But, phenomenologically, experiences are unified, we don't experience photon1 signal followed by photon2 signal etc. We see a car, a whole. All experiences involve some kind of many-in-one event. How this unification is achieved is the issue. My thought is that fields are extended throughout the brain, and indeed everything, and consciousness is perhaps best understood as a fundamental field-property. We feel what our brains are doing because we are the fields that constitute and unify it.
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    Dennett I regard as a blustering charlatan — Daemon

    Yep. That's always how he seemed to me.
  • A Question for Physicalists
    Yes, and the problem here is, that's an anti-philosophical cop-out for disregarding the science that has been established, that people employ here almost every single time I bring this u on this website. There is no understanding consciousness without the understanding what it is that is producing it, and how it operates. If one is going to have philosophical deliberations on the nature of consciousness, the science has to be incorporated into that view. To do otherwise would be a disregarding known science fallacy. Besides, the OP was about the functionalist aspect of consciousness. So, literally anybody disagreeing with me here about this is going to need to bring some data, and at bare minimum contend with what I have already brought that dispels with the mind/body "distinction" that doesn't exist according to the data. — Garrett Travers

    Every theory of consciousness, even including substance dualism, is consistent with the data. The science just doesn't rule much out.
  • Last Thursdayism
    Is this similar to Goodman's new riddle of induction?
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    @Garrett Travers

    Thank you very much for responding to my questions. I'd also like you to comment on this:

    The IIT's two major proponents, Koch and Tononi have both come out as panpsychists of a kind. They think that inanimate systems are conscious, for example simple molecules, atoms and thermostats. — bert1

    But you cited the IIT as one of your respectable theories that shows consciousness only occurs in brains. But the IIT is expressly an panpsychic theory. It attributed consciousness to any system at all that integrates information. Have you blundered here? Or have I misunderstood you?

    Where do you stand on multiple realisability? That gets you out of the brain doesn't it?

    Functionalism of any kind suggests that any system that can replicate the function of a system we know (or believe) is conscious, is also conscious. So a faithful brain-simulator would be conscious like a brain, no?
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    Basically what the article concludes "a neural network of consciousness in which the paraventricular nucleus formally serves as the control nucleus of arousal, which is closely related to the maintenance of consciousness, and the neurons in the posterior cerebral cortex. It is related to the integration of feelings and the generation of consciousness content. Besides, the claustrum also represents the key channel of the consciousness loop and the transmission of control information." — Garrett Travers

    OK, so this identifies some relationships between consciousness and some brain activity. The relationships is one of 'maintenance', 'integration', and 'generation', and possibly others. So this is an account of one side of a relationship between two conceptually distinct things, yes? It may not be that they are distinct in substance, of course. But to have a relationship there must be two, no?

    No, that's not really been established yet. — Garrett Travers

    Thank you for your candour. I guess sometimes theory can proceed without identifying what a theory is a theory of. Do you think that is the case with the scientific study of consciousness?

    But, fundamnetally, the wakeful attention that characterizes human cognition. — Garrett Travers

    OK, thanks. So you are specifying humans. Are we not considering animals with brains here? If not, why not?

    Also you are specifying wakeful attention. What about dreams when asleep? Are we conscious then?

    And what about when our attention is very diffuse, almost as if we are not attending to anything in particular, and allowing an unanalysed body of stimuli determine our experience? Does that count as consciousness?

    Global Workspace Theory, Quantum Theory, Integrated Information Theory — Garrett Travers

    These are pretty speculative, no?

    The Global Workspace Theory is interesting as I think it captures something of the phenomenal character of experience, namely that it feels container-like. But what is it exactly? I don't know enough about the theory. Is it a field, like the electromagnetic field? Or is it a property of an existing field? If so, how can we limit it to a brain as fields are everywhere? Or is it a kind of mathematical space, like a simulated virtual reality? If so, can't that happen outside a human brain also? IIT is, as you say, a kind of functionalism, as perhaps are the others as well. The IIT's two major proponents, Koch and Tononi have both come out as panpsychists of a kind. They think that inanimate systems are conscious, for example simple molecules, atoms and thermostats.

    The trouble with all flavours of functionalism is that they tend to be silent when asked "OK, but why can't all that happen in the dark? What is it about any of that that necessitates phenomenal experience?"

    Where do you stand on multiple realisability? That gets you out of the brain doesn't it?

    There are several Quantum Consciousness theories I think. Are you thinking of the Penrose one?

    These are all very different Garrett. And some don't necessarily involve brains. Are you sure it's all as settled as you think?
  • The Unequivocal Triumph Of Neuroscience - On Consciousness
    Garrett, just to make sure we are not talking a cross purposes, what is the concept of consciousness that is operative in your OP? Do you have a definition of the word? Can you indicate what the neuroscientific theory of consciousness (if there is one single one, which there isn't as far as I know) is a theory of? To put it another way, what have you said about x when you say 'x is conscious'?
  • Is Dishbrain Conscious?
    ↪180 Proof
    Sure, fair enough.
  • Is Dishbrain Conscious?
    I don't think this is what we are asking about when we ask whether Dishbrain is conscious. I think we are asking if Dishbrain can feel anything. Whether it has experiences. — Daemon

    Indeed. That is definition by synonym (more or less).
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